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Existing medical vocabularies lack rich terms to describe findings that are generated by modern molecular diagnostic procedures.Most bioinformatics resources were designed primarily to support the needs of the research community. We describe the development of a curated resource, the Clinical Bioinformatics Ontology (CBO), a semantic network appropriate for describing clinically significant genomics concepts. The CBO includes concepts appropriate for both molecular diagnostics and cytogenetics. A standardized methodology based on consistent application of RefSeq information is applied to the curation of the CBO in order to provide a reproducible and reliable tool. Challenges related to this curation process are discussed in this paper. At the time of submission the CBO included 4,069 concepts, associated by 8,463 relationships. a www.snomed.org a

To make good use of valuable Internet of Things (IoT) data assets, this paper proposes a trust-aware IoT data economic system (TIDES) with complete IoT data pricing, trading and protection functions. To ensure reliable and automatic data trading, the entire trading process is automatically performed by smart contracts on a hierarchical blockchain. Moreover, we develop several sophisticated methods to ensure the efficiency and service quality of TIDES. First, a complete evaluation model that takes the data trading profile and reputation into consideration is proposed for both suppliers and demanders to assess the trustworthiness of their trading partners. Second, a client-centric data value evaluation model and a game-theory-based pricing model are used to promote win-win transactions in which the demanders obtain higher quality data at an acceptable price and the suppliers receive higher profits. Third, a dispute arbitration model is invoked to detect suspicious trading and refund these payments automatically. TIDES further utilizes a multi-access edge computing (MEC) architecture to alleviate the huge burdens of IoT devices from blockchain operations, reduce the trading latency, and help mobile devices to trade IoT data. The simulation results have shown the advantages of TIDES in terms of trading time, storage overhead, data trading profit, quality data trading, pricing efficiency, and reliability on data asset management and trading. INDEX TERMS Blockchain, data economy, data trading, edge computing, Internet of Things (IoT).

Abstract─ A resource-efficient key management protocol is essential for security-sensitive applications in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Moreover, the dynamic pair-wise key and group key management protocols are also important for long-lived and mobile WSN. In this paper, a Two-layered Dynamic Key Management (TDKM) approach for cluster-based WSN (CWSN) is proposed. Both pair-wise key and group key are distributed in three rounds for key material exchange without encryption/decryption and exponentiation operations in TDKM. In theoretical analysis, TDKM is compared with other key management protocols to show its efficiency. Finally, the relationships between the number of groups and the system performance including key generation overhead, network security, and secured data transmission overhead in CWSN are analyzed.