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The collapse of the Indonesia authoritarian regime in 1998 further elevated the role of the local level groups including Forest Farmer Groups (FFGs) in rural development. This research aims to describe changing the role of FFGs due to the formalization process of development which established them as the only partners at the local level. Taking the case of forest farmer groups in three chosen villages by anthropologic approaches, formalization of development policies to push forest farmer groups from purely serving the role of development agent to fulfillment of legal conditions for a project to run, giving rise to bribery and other corrupt behaviors. Policies stating that farmer groups are the only grassroots partners eventually forces development agents to hire these groups as partners only for capturing and controlling the program by elites both locally and outside villages. Reflecting on the issue above, it is necessary to revisit the development formalization policy pertaining to forest farmer groups’ involvement as to their relevance or irrelevance, especially in the case of forest resources management and rural development on the micro scale. In addition, a model of forest farmer group organizational improvement as well as human resources, especially in terms of rules and succession to make the groups more dynamic and responsive to social environment changes. This research is limited to changes in the role of FFGs in forest management, while the resources they manage will continue to increase in line with government policies to involve them in projects outside forest management.

The purpose of this study is to examine quality control in the sorbitol industry using the six-sigma method to determine the causes of wasteful production costs and factors that influence them. This research collected 300 data with the details of 150 data in each phase, before and after the implementation of improvement action, and interviewed 12 employees in the sorbitol department. Six sigma approach consists of five phases: define tested by statistic descriptive, measure analyzed by process capability, analyze phase analyzed by fishbone diagram and action priority matrix, improve analyzed by process capability, and control phase tested by X Bar R chart. The results of this study are DPMO (Defect Per Million Opportunity) decreased from 994,497 to 543,058, sigma level increased from - 1.04 to 1.39, standard deviation from 0.0072196 to 0.01, Pp (Process Performance) from 0.11 to 0.22, Ppk (Process Performance Index) from - 0.85 to 0.09, average reducing sugar from 0.11 to 0.14, and the use of nickel from 298 to 221 Kg.

This study aims to analyze the influence of the use of production factors (seed, fertilizers, pesticides, and labor) and analyze the scale of carrot farming. The research method for determining the location was carried out deliberately in Bumiaji District, Batu City, East Java Province. The interview was conducted with a questionnaire. Data analysis techniques to analyze factors affecting the production of carrot farming as well as economies of scale with the Cobb-Douglas production function using the RStudio software program. From the results of the analysis for production factors that have a real influence on the production of carrot farming including seeds, pesticides, and labor. If the three factors’ productions are increasingly used for carrot farming, the production produced will be even greater. The value of production elasticity (EP) in carrot production in Batu City is at a condition of increasing returns to scale which shows that an increase in production inputs can increase carrot production yields.