No abstract

The scheme of induced chemical mutagenesis of treatment of Allium sativum L. air bulbs of winter garlic bred by FSBSI “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, grown in a breeding nursery, has been developed. Two chemical mutagens of the first group, capable of transferring alkyd compounds to other plant cells were used in the study. Different concentrations of treatments and monitoring of mutagenesis made it possible to determine the behavior of Allium sativum air bulbs in dynamics: one cloves – M0 mutants (large, medium and small fractions); bulbs – cloves (M1 mutants of the 1st generation); bulbs – cloves (M2 2nd generation mutants). The aim of this work is to assess the morphological changes of Allium sativum L., the effect of chemical mutagens, and the selection of visible mutation-altered forms with valuable economic traits for use in breeding, creating new varieties adapted in Crimea. Monitoring was carried out, the reaction of garlic treated with two chemical mutagens was assessed: DEP (diethyl phosphate) − 0.025; 0.05 and 0.1%, as well as DMS (dimethyl sulfate) 0.02; 0.04 and 0.08% solutions. For control, a sample of Allium sativum L. air bulbs soaked in water was taken. For 2017–2020, different concentrations of mutagens acted selectively on morphometric and economic characteristics, as well as the chemical composition of winter garlic.

Abstract. The purpose of the research was to study the quality of Elsholtzia stauntonii Benth. raw materials grown in the foothill zone of the Crimea. In the course of the research, we studied such indicators as the content of essential oil and other types of biologically active substances (BAS), which allow using elsholtzia as an essential oil, food, or medicinal raw materials. Research methods. Determination of the quality of E. stauntonii raw materials was carried out according to generally accepted methods. Results. Peculiarities of the accumulation of essential oil in various organs of E. stauntonii were determined. The variability of the mass fraction of essential oil, its component composition and BAS depending on the plant’s growth stage is shown. We found that the main oil-synthesizing organs of E. stauntonii are leaves and inflorescences. The largest amount of essential oil (1.82 %) was obtained from inflorescences. In the fractional composition of raw materials, they amounted to 45.6 %. The maximum amount of essential oil with the dominant components (rosefuran and rosefuran epoxide) accumulated in plants during the phase of mass flowering (1.48 % in terms of absolutely dry weight). The highest content of BAS, namely phenolic compounds, accumulated in the stage of active growth of vegetative and the formation of generative organs of plants (regrowth and bud formation); extractives – in the stage of regrowth. During two years of storage of air-dry raw materials, there is a loss of essential oil as a result of its evaporation (54.0 %) and a change in its component composition (an increase in monoterpene derivatives of furan by 26.6 % and a decrease in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons by 23.5 %). To store air-dry raw materials of E. stauntonii for more than two years is not, however, reasonable because of significant losses of essential oil. Scientific novelty. The quality of raw materials of E. stauntonii variety Rozovoe oblako, which was grown in the foothill zone of the Crimea, was studied for the first time. Raw materials and essential oil of E. stauntonii have a broad spectrum of biological activity and can be used in medicine, as well as in essential oil and food industries.

Currently, the search for biological agents that are alternative to chemical ones to protect agrocenoses from weeds, including quarantine objects like different types of ragweed, is relevant because they cause biological and technological damage to the environment, agriculture and have a negative impact on human health. The research was aimed at searching for biotically active elicitors of plant and microbial origin for the induction, reinforce of oxidative stress and inhibition of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. growth. Strains were searched for and studied in 2019–2020 in laboratory experiments and greenhouse trials in the Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea. Ragweed plants were grown in pots. Soil – chernozem southern. In the phase of 4–6 leaves, plants were treated with biorational preparative forms based on microbial and plant elicitors at a dose of 200 mkl/plant. For bioherbicidal composites, strains-inhibitors from the Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea collection (CCM), plant extracts from the ragweed and glycerin were used. The inhibition efficiency was evaluated three weeks after treatment. The indices of height, phytomass, antioxidant status and ragweed damage degree were taken into account. We identified seven strains that inhibited plant growth by 0.13–1.08 g/plant (37–38 %) compared to the control variants: 1) water treatment, 2) bacterization with a phytopathogenic strain of Stagonosporopsis heliopsidis from the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection collection. For the first time, we used ambrosia BAS to develop a birational herbicide to control the ragweed. Bacterization with biorational preparative forms based on biotically active elicitors of plant and microbial origin affected the homeostasis of ragweed, induced plant stress by blocking the enzymatic activity and the antioxidant protection systems. The activity of catalases and polyphenoloxidases decreased by 2.9–85.6 and 1.2–658.0 times, respectively, with a significant correlation between themselves (r = 0.66) and the correlation of catalase activity with plant phytomass (r = 0.72). The content of glutathione decreased by 2.5–2.7 compared to the control and had significant correlations with the activity of catalases (r = 0.63) and the phytomass of ragweed (r = 0.80) (p < 0.05) depending on the components of the biohebicidal formulations.

We developed an optimized method for the production of flavored oils for salad dressing containing 4-5 times more aromatic substances compared to original mustard oil and having an optimal fatty acid composition. An application 2019135136/10(069439) for the invention “Method for producing flavored vegetable oils for salad dressing” was submitted to Rospatent. A favorable decision is granted on the issue of a patent for the invention.