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Coconut leaf is one of the most potential biomass to be converted into bio-oil through pyrolysis process and the availability in Indonesia is abundance. The mechanism of decomposition of coconut leaf into bio-oil productions requires further research because of the complexity of pyrolysis and differences in biomass composition. Therefore, the design, optimization and modeling of pyrolysis processes is strongly influenced by biomass characteristics. The purpose of this study was to find the characteristic differences in pyrolysis behavior of the three main parts of coconut leaf based on its constituent parts; leaflets, midrib and whole leaf. Moisture is removed by drying the sample in an electric oven at 110°C for 24 hours. Characteristics were tested using Cellulose Analysis, Ultimate Analysis, and Heat Value, whereas pyrolysis behavior used Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA). The results show that leaflets, midrib and whole leaf exhibit different pyrolysis behavior. In terms of considering flow process of separation, the whole leaf becomes an option as a fuel for further pyrolysis processes. The maximum temperature that as a reference in the pyrolysis process of coconut leaves is 500°C with temperature rate of 20°C/min and the process lasts as long for 130 minutes.

The purpose of bed material in the pyrolysis process is to reduce the need for heat energy. In this study, three kinds of sands were observed as bed material, namely iron oxide, zeolite, and ZSM-5 in the slow fixed bed pyrolysis of sunan candlenut oilcake (SCO). To evaluate the activation energy, pyrolytic kinetics were carried out using the iso-conversional method with the KAS, OFW, and Friedman models. They involved calculating the data from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test at heating rates of 5, 10, 20 and 40 K/min. Furthermore, the results showed that SCO had a high volatile content of 82.80%, alongside a calorific value of 26.93 MJ/kg. The calculation results showed that the activation energy of SCO was 169.140 kJ/mol which decreased 1.45% in the KAS model, and 1.92% in the OFW model with the addition of ZSM-5 bed material. Therefore, the use of ZSM-5 bed material in the pyrolysis process reduces the activation energy.

Penelitian ini focus pada kajian ajaran catur paramita dalam lontar siwa sasana. Metode penelitian ini berupa kualitatif yang membahas  tentang ajaran catur paramita terhadap pola pendidikan karakter yang termuat dalam lontar siwa sasana. Penelitian ini yakni deskripsi ajaran catur paramita yang terkandung dalam lontar siwa sasana pada lembar 6b, Seorang siswa kerohanian dalam lontar siwa sasana hendaknya memahami ajaran catur paramita yang dimaksud yakni Catur Paramita itu adalah : Maitri yang berarti  persahabatan atau sifat – sifat yang menghendaki  suatu kehidupan yang rukun. Karuna yang berarti cinta kasih sayang, kepedulian kita terhadap orang lain. Mudita berarti  sifat dan sikap  yang simpati terhadap keberhasilan  dan penderitaan orang lain. Dan Upeksa berarti suka mengampuni kesalahan orang lain  dengan tenang sabar. Hal ini terkait dengan pola pendidikan yang termuat dalam lontar siswa sasana yakni pendidikan karakter disiplin.

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