Abstract. This paper describes patterns of below‐ground components in grassland ecosystems. It provides estimates of the contribution of below‐ground organs to the total phytomass of the community and of different species to the below‐ground phytomass; it describes the distribution of above‐ and below‐ ground organs of different species and the spatial and temporal correlation between above‐ground and below‐ground phyto‐mass – both total standing crop and net primary production. 10 Siberian grasslands (meadows and steppes) were investigated during 15 yr. Ca. 70 % of the living phytomass is located in the soil and no less than 70 % of the net primary production is allocated in below‐ground organs. Phytomass distribution in the soil layer is more homogeneous than above‐ground. For some species the spatial distribution within 1‐m2 plots of the green and below‐ground phytomass is similar, for others it is quantitatively or qualitatively different. According to the dominance‐diversity curve, the above‐ground size hierarchy is much stronger than the below‐ground one. The active growth of above‐ and below‐ground organs of a species may occur at different times of the season and it varies from year to year. Allocation of organic substances to rhizomes and roots occurs simultaneously and with proportional intensity.

Abstract. Formation of effective insulation possible only taking into account features of the insulation layer in the construction and use of high quality materials, preserving their characteristics as in the early stages of operation, and for the entire billing period. The operational stability of the heat-insulating material is determined not only by its properties, but also the ability to withstand long-term operating loads without a significant change in properties. Processing load on the heater may be divided into three groups: the load during transportation and storage, loading and mounting load during operation. Methodology for assessing the properties of insulation products includes two main components: the installation for testing and test methods, as well as the methodology for assessing the operational stability. The methodology of the accelerated testing and forecasting durability tested for mineral wool products laminating, corrugating and volume-oriented structure. The test results give good agreement with the methods recommended by the building codes. Accelerated test plates on the compressibility and compressive strength at 10% deformation after exposure to boiling water over the useful spending for operational control properties of materials, as well as when examining the state of the exploited mineral wool insulation in buildings and heat piping

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The reactions of such cyclic α-diketones as acenaphthenequinone, aceanthrenequinone, and N-alkylisatins, with hexaethyltriaminophosphine in the presence of the fullerene C(60), lead to the formation of methanofullerene derivatives under mild conditions. This process proceeds via deoxygenation of the dicarbonyl compound by the P(III) derivative and is likely to involve the intermediate formation of α-ketocarbenes. The structure of some methanofullerenes has been confirmed by NMR and XRD. The electrochemical behavior of the methanofullerenes was also investigated.