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Methanol electrooxidation over layered double hydroxides.

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Positron annihilation lifetime (PAL), AC conductivity, and impedance spectroscopy have been applied for the investigation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped with different concentrations of NaI in the range from zero to 25 wt%. Wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction measurements reveal that the addition of NaI to the PVA structure leads to a decrease in the crystallinity of the sample. The free volume size obtained from PAL measurements increases with the increase of the NaI concentration on PVA. NaI acts as an inhibitor of positronium formation on the doped polymer with inhibition constant of 0.028 (Mol%)−1. The ionic conductivity of the investigated sample was found to be correlated with the free volume size, which indicates the major role of free volume in the conduction mechanism. The AC conductivity of the prepared samples is measured at room temperature in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 5 MHz. The calculated values of frequency exponent s indicate the hopping mechanism in ionic conductivity. Impedance spectroscopy of PVA doped with different concentrations of NaI was studied. The appeared semi‐circle, in the Nyquist plot, denotes the bulk influence of PVA with different concentrations of NaI. This has been attributed to the parallel connection of bulk resistance and bulk capacitance. Also, the semi‐circle radius of Cole‐Cole plots was found to decrease with the increase of the concentration ratio (wt%) of NaI. So, the increase of the conductivity of PVA with the increase of NaI contents has been investigated.