In the clinic of the Volga Research Medical University on the basis of Nizhny Novgorod Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital” and “Children’s City Clinical Hospital № 1” from 2014 to 2018 82 newborns including 53 boys (65%) and 29 girls (35%) at the various stages of necrotizing enterocolitis were observed. There were 15 full-term infants (18%), and 67 premature newborns (82%). Symptoms of the disease were manifested in terms from 1 day to 25 days of life. During hospitalization, children were examined by neonatologists and hospital surgeons with the following by instrumental examinations (radiography, ultrasound). The severity of the condition and severity of the process were determined accordingly to the classification by to M.J. Bell (1978). The correlation between the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of newborns and the development of the pathological process was studied using the coefficient of conjugation of characters (φ), on the Wilcoxon, Van der Warden criteria and the sign criterion. Using mathematical analysis, conditionally “weak”, “medium” and “strong” risk factors for the development of NEC are identified. When assessing the occurrence of predictors in different stages of the disease, somatic diseases of the mother, chronic fetal hypoxia, fetal infections (IUI), chronic placental insufficiency (HFPN), weakness of labor, a body weight of the child <1500g were noted to be most often detected

Introduction. Cryptorchidism is a common disease in pediatric urological and andrological practice since the issues of tactical approaches and its optimal treatment remain extremely relevant. Cryptorchidism makes a significant contribution to the structure of male infertility.Objective. To conduct a retrospective analysis of treatment results in children and adolescents with cryptorchidism.Materials & methods. This study summarises the treatment results of 8308 patients with cryptorchidism aged from 6 months to 17 years who underwent inpatient treatment in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Uzbekistan.Results. It was revealed that from 2015 to 2019, patients were admitted for surgical treatment evenly over the years. The ratio of right-sided / left-sided / bilateral cryptorchidism was 4.6 : 4.4 : 1 The inguinal form prevailed more than 6 times over the abdominal location. At the same time, 26.1% of the patients underwent surgery at the optimal time, and 9.8% were older than 10 years. More often, children are operated from an open inguinal access (95.0%), much less often — laparoscopically and percutaneously. Stage-by-stage treatment was carried out in 6.0% of patients.Conclusion. Thus, the approach presented in the study in the surgical treatment of cryptorchidism provided good treatment results. The number of disease relapses was 1.9% (mainly among children over 7 years old). Most surgeons are very reserved about primary orchidectomies (only 3.8% were performed).

Only a few studies have investigated the complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in children. Therefore, relevant case reports will be of interest to pediatric surgeons. The patient was a 10-month-old boy diagnosed with calculous cholecystitis who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. He had peripheral edema and adhesions in the neck of the gallbladder. After 10 h, a clinical picture of intra-abdominal bleeding developed. During relaparoscopy in the area of the gallbladder bed, arterial bleeding from the liver vessel was noted, which was eliminated by coagulation. The postoperative period was uneventful, and the child was discharged on day 8. In the second case, a 10-year-old girl was admitted for chronic calculous cholecystitis, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed, in which a pronounced adhesion process was noted in the gallbladder neck region. On day 8, the child was discharged home; however, after 26 days, the patient was admitted again, with a clinical picture of diffuse biliary peritonitis. During laparoscopy, bile outflow from the gallbladder bed was noted, which only partially eliminated by monopolar electrocoagulation. Drainages were installed, through which bile began to be abundantly secreted in the postoperative period. Laparoscopy with a transition to open surgery was performed, during which a perforation in the wall of the common bile duct was found, and stenting and suturing of the defect were performed. In the postoperative period, active infusional infusion and antibacterial therapy were given. The patient was discharged on day 29. Postoperative complications of the ClavienDindo type IIIb are associated both with the presence of congenital anatomical features and inflammatory-adhesive changes in the Calo triangle zone and with the possibility of latent lesions during monopolar coagulation in both cases. The evaluation of the tactics of eliminating biliary peritonitis in the second patient emphasized the necessity to switch to open laparotomy during the second operation. These cases indicate the need to comply with the principles of safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy, including the availability of modern endoscopic equipment and the experience of surgeons in endosurgery. This requires the concentration of patients with cholelithiasis in specialized clinics.

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The aim of the study is to present modern methods of diagnosis and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in newborns.According to Russian and foreign literature, up to 7.2% of newborns with NEC are admitted to intensive care units. The overall mortality rate in enterocolitis remains at the level of 15%, and in the surgical stages of the disease ranges from 26 to 31%.It is known that the transferred hypoxia and asphyxia lead to vascular disorders. In addition, colonization of the intestine by pathogenic flora takes the leading place in the progression of the process.In order to diagnose NEC, an overview X-ray of the abdominal organs is performed, which reveals such typical changes as: pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumoperitoneum, gastric dilatation, and the presence of a static bowel loop. Ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs confirms enterocolitis in 90% of cases. If necessary, instrumental examination findings are assessed in dynamics. Quantitative changes in the parameters of procalcitonin, calprotectin, cathelicidin, alkaline phosphadase are detected with the help of laboratory diagnostics. It is noted that TGF-1, FXIII factors, thymic index (TI), proteins (FABP2, claudin-2, GFAP) parameters vary at different stages of the disease.Researchers highlight the importance of NEC prevention, a special role is given to breastfeeding. Treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis depends on the stage of the disease and the severity of symptoms, and consists of conservative therapy and surgical correction. The timeliness and necessity of prescribing antibiotics is being actively discussed. Most surgeons emphasize the therapeutic and diagnostic role of laparocentesis; the imposition of preventive intestinal stomas is considered the operation of choice. The medical periodical publications present the experience of using laparoscopy in newborns with the surgical stage of NEC. In addition to the generally accepted methods of treatment, researchers suggest options aimed at improving the clinical outcome of disease correction (vacuum therapy, the introduction of an "oxygen cocktail").