Viral diseases with oral manifestations are common in the practice of pedodontist, however, sometimes their diagnosis is complicated due to the similar clinical manifestations. A huge number of viruses are present in oral cavity, especially from Herpesviridae family, however, the most of them are asymptomatic. Cold, systemic diseases and stress provoke the activation of viruses with different clinical manifestations. Therefore, a dentist can be the first who diagnoses not only herpetic gingivostomatitis, but also other viral diseases. The aim of the article was to analyse the oral manifestations of viral diseases in children in order to optimize their diagnostics. This article analyses clinical cases and reviews of diseases in English in Google database from 2011 to May 2020 (and earlier publications) by Keywords: «herpetic gingivostomatitis», «recurrent aphthous stomatitis», «oral manifestations of infectious mononucleosis», «herpetic angina», «oral manifestations of cytomegalovirus infection», «recurrent herpetic gingivostomatitis», «oral manifestations of varicella virus», «oral manifestations of herpes zoster», «roseola infantum», «herpangina», «hand, foot and mouth disease», «oral manifestations of measles», «rubella», «oral manifestations of papillomavirus», and «oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus». Viruses which have oral manifestations were characterized by transmission. Mostly airborne viruses are represented by Herpesviridae family. The differential diagnosis of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis includes recurrent aphthous stomatitis which forms ulcers on non-keratinised oral mucosa without a vesicle phase. Recurrent herpetic infection doesn’t have difficulties in diagnostics, but could be complicated by erythema multiform with clear target lesions. Vesicles, erosions in oral cavity associated with vesicles on hear part of head help to distinguish chickenpox from herpetic infection. Compared to Herpes simplex virus infection, Herpes zoster has a longer duration, a more severe prodromal phase, unilateral vesicles and ulceration, with abrupt ending at the midline and postherpetic neuralgia. Roseola is characterized by small papules on skin and palate which appears when severe fever in prodromal period subsides and disappears after 1-2 days. Oral vesicles associated with foot and hand rush differentiate enterovirus stomatitis from chickenpox and roseola. The distribution of the lesions of herpangina (palate, tonsils) differentiates it from primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, which affects the gingivae. Comparing with roseola and rubella, measles has a bigger size of rush and specific oral localization on buccal mucosa. Mild fever and skin rush which appears on face and extensor surfaces of body and extremities help to distinguish rubella from measles and roseola. Viruses transmitted through biological liquids are represented in oral cavity by infectious mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus. The vesicles and ulcers on the tonsils and posterior pharynx in case of these infections can resemble herpetic stomatitis, but liver and spleen enlargement allows to exclude this diagnose; also cytomegalovirus erosions heal for long time. Cervical lymphoadenopathy differentiates them from herpetic angina. Laboratory diagnostics is based on detection of antibodies to virus or virus DNA in blood helps to make diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus infections. Viruses transmitted through direct contact with mucosa and biological liquids represented by human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HPV in oral cavity represent by benign epithelial hyperplasia which might persist and transform to malignant. Therefore, histological examination plays important role in diagnostics of HPV. Oral manifestations such as candidiasis, herpes labialis, and aphthous stomatitis represent some of the first signs of HIV immunodeficiency. Oral lesions also associated with HIV in children are oral hairy leukoplakia, linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Rapid necrotization and long-term healing of oral lesions help to suspect HIV and prescribe the blood test for the detection of antibodies to the virus. Oral mucosa is often the first to be affected by viral infections. A thorough anamnesis and examination is the key to accurate diagnostics of the most oral viral lesions and their adequate treatment. Biopsy, examination of antibodies to the virus in the blood or polymeraze-chain reaction to the virus in the bioptate or blood are performed in case of diagnostic difficulties. Laboratory methods had to use more widely for the diagnostics of recurrent or unclear lesions of the oral mucosa in children.

Academic process in Ukraine have dramatically changed due to pandemic Covid 19 and martial law. Practical online classes have been adapted to the need for interruptions during air raids and training of students with an individual schedule. Practical online were organized offline and online, and adapted to the need for interruptions during air raids. Therefore, teachers should to change an approach to academic process, improving in students listening, communication, soft, and practical skills. The aim of the study was assessment the students` attitudes towards different teaching methods, which they evaluated maximally useful. Questioning was conducted among 401 international students of the thirdfive years of study, language of learning of which was Ukrainian or English. Survey included questions about social-demographic factors and students` attitudes towards different teaching methods in pediatric therapeutic dentistry. Teaching methods included Power Point presentation (PP), conventional lecture, case study method, work with whole group, usual and control questioning, discussion in small group, videomaterials, problem basic learning (PBL) and role playing. Answers evaluated based on 4-scores scale and united into 2 groups of favorable and unfavorable answers. Obtained results were processed with Excel. 75,7% males chose сase study method, 73,78% selected work in small groups, and 71,2% preferred PBL that was higher compared to females, but the difference was statistically significant only for сase study (р<0,01). 70,65% females prefer PP, 68,48% conventional lecture, 70,65% questioning, 55,43 % work at whole group and 51,09% role playing, but the difference was statistically significant only for PP (р<0,01). The most effective teaching methods were lecture (69,82%), case study (69,08%), usual questioning (70,07%), videomaterials (76,05%) and PBL (71,07%), however, the lowest estimation had role playing, on our opinion, due no familiarization with this method. Students learnt on Ukrainian language better evaluated PBL, videomaterials, usual and control questioning. On our opinion, these students better accepted overmentioned methods, because they studied at preparatory department before PSMU or familiarized with these methods at another department. PBL, case study and role playing used significantly more during practical classes of students of the 4-5 years of study, but were enough effective for students of the third year of study. Students studied in English better evaluated role playing, work in small groups, conventional lecture and PP. Perhaps, these methods were usual for them in home countries. It would be grateful, if students could study in small subgroups at dental departments. Therefore, students should to move from passive obtaining of knowledge to active participation in learning process with aid of teacher. Implementation of alternative education technologies complemented conventional ones, may improve professional competences, stimulate development of communication skills, thinking, and improve motivation to study. It is important to take into consideration exist attitudes of the second year students towards different teaching methods in clinical departments and involve students in effective teaching methods actively. The relationship between gender and student preferences, language of studying and evaluation of the effectiveness of different teaching methods have been identified. Understanding how to involve students in different teaching methods will help researchers to find a way to encourage every international student to active learning. Future research should assess how students' attitudes toward different teaching methods change from the 2nd to the 5th year.

The Hodgkin’s disease (lymphogranulomatosis, LGM) stands at the top of the list among malignant lymphomas in children. The highest rate of it occurrence coincides with childhood. LGM is most common at 4-6 and 12-14 years. The scope of scientific clinical research on odontoand parodontopathology is limited among pediatric population. The quantitative and qualitative composition of plaque, its thickness and area is primary pathogenic chain. In turn, unsatisfactory oral hygiene contributes to the development of decay and periodontal and oral mucosal disease in children with LGM. Our research aims to study the oral hygienic condition in patients with LGM during different clinical stages of the underlying disease. In order to reduce the toxic effect of LGM treatment, rational oral hygiene preventive measures shall be implemented. Matherials and methods. A total of 45 patients of both sexes in the 5-15 year age group diagnozed with lymphogranulomatosis (LGM) were examined. 243 healthy age-and-sex-matched children were included in the control group. The patients with lymphogranulomatosis (LGM I) were examined after the initial diagnosis. Group II (LGM II) consisted of patients who had completed the first polychemestry treatment cycle. Group III (LGM III) included patients who had a constant remission period (from over 6 months to 5 years). The oral hygienic condition was studied using the Pahomov’s hygienic index, the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S by Greene and Vermilion), the PHP hygiene hygiene efficiency index (Podshadley, Haley, 1968), the modified Turesky index (1970), and API surfaces [6]. The data was statistically analyzed using Student's-Fisher's method. The Pahomov's hygienic index (PHI) in children aged 5-15 with LGM was quite different in the main and control groups (p<0.05). The score of PHI was 2.3 ± 0.05 (p<0.05) in patient group with LGM (LGM I). The Pahomov's hygienic index had increased in the children aged 5-15 diagnozed with LGM. The Pahomov’s index values from the second (LGM II) and third (LGM III) examinations were found to be quite different when compared to the control group of children of the same age (p<0.05). This PHI value was 3.39 ± 0.11 (very poor) after the second examination (LGM II) and was at 2.7 ± 0.10 (poor) during the third examination (LGM II). The satisfactory and unsatisfactory oral hygiene conditions according to the Pahomov’s index were observed in 5-15 year old children with LGM. The satisfactory and unsatisfactory oral hygiene conditions have been established using the Pahomov’s index, Green-Vermilion, Tureski, PHP, API in 5-15 year old children with LGM. The children might have completely given up on tooth brushing due to increased trauma and bleeding gums. Soft plaque is often responsible for dental decay in primary and permanent teeth in children and periodontal diseases. The analysis of the individual oral hygiene condition determined poor level of hygiene skill in patients with LGM compared to somatically healthy children. Hygienic condition and care depend on age, clinical stage of the underlying disease, the course of pathological complications in hard dental and soft oral tissues. Conclusion. Our clinical study established a poor oral hygiene condition by using different groups of dental hygiene indicators in patients with LGM. This condition particularly worsens during chemotherapy, which causes significant changes in periodontal, oral mucous and hard dental tissues. Children have low awareness of oral cavity care requirements or the specifics of selecting hygiene supplies and facilities. In those cases, the dental examination was required for raising awareness and providing oral hygiene control which was carried out among patients at different stages of the Hodgkin’s disease and it remission. Therefore, adopting such measures would provide an opportunity to increase the resistance of hard dental and periodontal tissues.

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The territory of Poltava region belongs to the Buchatsky hydrogeological province, whose groundwater is characterized by an elevated fluorine level content. The cause of endemic dental fluorosis particularly in the children’s population of the region is water consumption with surplus concentration of this chemical element. Also, having fluorosis a condition that develops from a high fluoride concentration in drinking water- causes disorder of hard tooth tissues maturing, mineralizationand teeth germ development. This, in turn, has a negative influence on enamel amelogenin synthesis and violation of the crystals maturing, determines a surface porosity. The chalky spots, brown pigmentation, and enamel erosion destruction lesions are characterized the different severity manifestation of the fluorosis. The purpose of our research was to conduct a thorough analysis of all the material we found on this topic, gather all possible information on new trends in recent years in the treatment of dental fluorosis: what are the methods, their origins, indications for use, clinical stages and advantages. Dental enamel fluorosis requires different approaches to treatment depending on the severity of clinical manifestations. Obviously, as the leading method is remineralizing therapy. One of the method is offered by Nikolishina E.V. etc. [6], which is carried out in the following way: after carry out of the professional hygiene procedure, next step, individual caps were made of transparent silicone filled with 10% solution «Poltavsky Bishofit» and applied on the fluorosis teeth, daily course consist with 30 minutes and 10-20 procedures. Enamel microabrasion is the first minimally invasive treatment method of mild and moderate dental fluorosis using to removes opaque brown spots and surface roughness smoothing, providing a flat and shinier surface. The microabrasion technique involves etching with mild acid in combination with application of abrasive components. Resin infiltration has also become a popular treating dental fluorosis technique without loss of hard tissue. Resin infiltration is based on the application of hydrochloric acid to the hard tissues of the tooth and subsequent coating with a low-viscosity resin that penetrates into the microspaces of the tooth enamel. The cloaking effect is based on the refractive index. The optical properties of the affected enamel change and it looks like a healthy enamel surrounding. The indication to dental fluorosis treatment of severity forms in permanent teeth with mature roots is restoration of teeth, veneers, orthopedic crowns, if the microabrasive method hasn’t aesthetic effect efficiency. Thus, in cases of aesthetic changes due to fluorosis, minimally invasive restorative approaches that preserve dental hard tissue such as microabrasion method, external bleaching or resin infiltration should be considered before invasive restorative procedures. More invasive treatments may be considered if the results remain unsatisfactory.