Modern scientific research shows that often violations of the structure and function of the hippocampus can lead to the onset of epilepsy. The hippocampal formation and the amygdala are important anatomical structures involved in the development of local discharges of epileptiform activity and temporal lobe epilepsy. It accounts for up to 25 % of all epileptic syndromes, and among locally caused symptomatic epilepsy — up to 60–70 %. At the same time, temporal lobe epilepsy is considered as a pathology with an initial imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of the neocortex, which occurs under the influence of various endoand exogenous factors during early embryogenesis. The scientific literature presents various pathophysiological theories of exactly how the hippocampus is involved in the development of epileptic seizures. Anatomically, the hippocampus has a relatively poor blood supply, and inhibitory interneurons are deep intraparenchymal structures, making them more susceptible to factors such as hypoxia, ischemia, and oxidative stress. This article addresses issues related not only to changes in the structure and function of the hippocampus, but also aspects of neu rophysiological diagnosis and prognosis. In addition, an evidence base is provided on the possibility of achieving remission of seizures after the use of neurosurgical methods of treatment.

This literature review is devoted to the problem of epilepsy caused by pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: their detailed classification with the latest recommendations of the World Health Organization 2022, clinical picture of each variant of pituitary neuroendocrine tumor in a complex multidisciplinary approach are considered. The main feature of the review is a detailed consideration of the epilepsy associated with this condition, which is considered to be a rather rare manifestation of the disease (incidence in patients is 0.5 %), due to which very few cases of epilepsy in patients with pituitary adenoma have been described in the literature. Our work has analyzed the fundamental works of domestic scientists in this field, as well as current information from foreign sources and most of the available clinical cases of epilepsy in this group of patients, revealing in detail the pathogenesis of epilepsy at all levels, including molecular changes. Modern techniques for the treatment approach in this group of patients are also described, the effectiveness of drug and surgical therapy is analyzed according to the criteria of the frequency of long-term persistent remission and recurrence, side effects of drugs and complications of transsphenoidal tumor resection are reviewed, including in terms of possible epilepsy; conclusions about the most rational and effective approach to treatment of various types of hypophysial neuroendocrine tumors are drawn.

For a long time, people suffering from epilepsy have been feared, suspected, and misunderstood, socially stigmatized and viewed as outcasts. On the other hand, epilepsy was attributed to many remarkable personalities, among whom are Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great, Socrates, Aristotle, Joan of Arc, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Ivan the Terrible, Newton, Peter the Great, Napoleon, Walter Scott, Paganini, Byron, Van Gogh, Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, and many others. The article is aimed to confirm on historical facts or debunk the myths about the essence of epilepsy in some of these individuals.

This paper represents a unique study carried out by a team of physicians having diverse medical experience (practitioners, residents, students), who relying on own viewpoints positions came to a common understanding and began to consider epilepsy not only as a severe, chronic, and widespread brain disease, but also as a part of human culture reflected in many literary works. Our study was aimed at searching and analyzing available sources that describe a course of epilepsy and its impact on life of famous people as well as its role in society. Literary images created in diverse centuries and eras by writers who personally suffered from epilepsy (F.M. Dostoevsky, Edgar Allan Poe, Wilkie Collins, and many others) turned out to be so colorful and convincing that they sometimes anticipated appearance of the first descriptions in professional medical literature, and even lay down in their basis.