A b s t r a c t The hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) is the principal organ of protein synthesis in honey bees. It is involved in larval rearing. We examined the fresh head weight, HPG acini diameter, and HPG protein content in worker bees engaged in different tasks and under brood and broodless conditions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the HPG acini diameter of worker bees was related to their task. The highest HPG volume was found in nurse bees, and the volume regressed when the task changed from guarding to foraging. The fresh head weight was positively correlated with HPG acini diameter. Although, there was no positive correlation between HPG acini diameter and protein concentration, the glandular protein concentration increased progressively in nurse bees and declined in guard and forager bees. Histochemistry revealed similar results. Despite displaying significantly larger glands, guard bee protein secretion was similar to that of the foragers. Brooding had a significant effect on HPG activity. Only worker bees from the colony with an intact brood showed elevated rates of protein synthesis; thus, it is possible that a signal was emitted by the brood, which stimulated protein synthesis in the HPG. However, the size of the HPG was similar in both brood and broodless conditions.

Introduction: Doppler ultrasound is the commonest diagnostic tool used to evaluate the internal, external and common carotid arteries (CCA). Peak systolic velocity (PSV) is the best Doppler parameter for quantifying carotid artery degree of stenosis. Materials and methods: Normal Doppler waveforms of 24 CCA from 12 healthy individuals of age 22e28 years were analysed in the department of radiology, NEIGRIHMS, Shillong. PSV, EDV and RI at 9 MHz transducer frequencies and variable DR of 35,45,55,65,75 &85 Decibels (dB) were compared. Statistical analysis: One-Way repeated measures ANOVA; parameters expressed as Mean AE SEM. p value significant at <0.05. Aim: To study the effect of variable dynamic ranges (DR) on the PSV, end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistive index (RI) of CCA. Results: For PSV of the right CCA at 9 MHz, there was significant differences on variable DR as determined by One-Way repeated measures ANOVA [F (5, 55) Z 5.54, p < 0.05]. There was however no significant differences in the PSV of the left CCA; EDV and RI at variable dynamic ranges in both the right and left CCA. Summarised mean value for all PSV of both sides shows significant difference between variable dynamic ranges as determined by One-Way repeated measures ANOVA [F (5, 115) Z 2.85, p < 0.05] and Post-hoc analysis revealed that there was a significant difference only between 35 dB to 55 dB and 85 dB.

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