A visible-light-mediated site-selective oxidative annulation of naphthols with alkynes for the synthesis of functionalized naphthofurans has been developed. The reaction relies on the in situ formation of an electron donor acceptor pair between phenylacetylene and thiophenol as the light-absorbing system to obviate the requirement of an added photocatalyst. The protocol facilitates the transformation of 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol as well as 1,4naphthoquinone into a wide variety of highly functionalized naphthofurans.

A visible-light-assisted approach for the synthesis of αhalomethyl ketones from terminal alkynes has been developed. The reaction introduces halogen at the α-position of terminal alkynes using N-halosuccinimides as the halogen source. It relies on the photodegradation of N-halosuccinimides obviating the requirement for a photocatalyst. The procedure enables the synthesis of a diverse range of α-haloketones from different aromatic bromo-and iodoalkynes.

The focus of this paper is 'dual' apprenticeship training, which involves both on-thejob and institutional training. Apprentices receive training both within the companies to which they are apprenticed and within state-run, vocational institutes. The cost of training under this system is mainly borne by the employer, which has given rise to debate around the cost-benefit for the employer. Although literature on apprenticeship training costs and benefits is available, it is fragmented and scattered. No single composition encompasses all the necessary constructs of this paradigm, which is the major objective of this paper.