The author of the article reveals the issue of such categories correlation as the “sovereign”, “people”, “multitude”, “mass” in the historical-and-legal retrospective. In the Modern Age, the people being a political body continues to exist in tension between the state of multitude and the form “people-king”, while the former is always in the process of disintegration associated with the act of establishing a sovereign, and the latter demonstrates illusory unity. Thomas Hobbes believes that the people do not have their own political body, but the sovereign has it. Since the mercantilists of the XVII century, the people have been presented as not just a multitude, an entity capable of symbolizing the power of the supreme ruler. That is a determinant multitude, the unity of which is functionally specified. The population-multitude is a natural phenomenon that is subject to the targeted impact. The multitude is a non-political element. The historical-and-legal analysis of the article allows us to determine the further political and legal genesis of the population, its metamorphosis from the people to the mass or the masses. The masses should not be compared with a class or a people, they are no longer the subject of history.

The paper highlights the main stages of the formation of such a philological and legal phenomenon as a metaphor. From ancient times to the present time, the "metaphorical imperative" has determined the most important aspects of the emerging legal reality. The transfer of meanings in jurisprudence took the form of analogy and the objective influence of symbolization and virtual legal structures.Metaphors were also considered as factors of the formation of legal theories acting as some kind of "preforms". Metaphors did not perceive existing similarities, but they themselves created them. This was their significance as "demiurg tools". Therefore, metaphorical expression produced effects rather than meanings, but meanings leading to change. The birth of a new legal meaning was largely spontaneous and unpredictable: it is known that law enforcement sometimes differs from the original intention of the lawmaker and legislator. For the precise establishment of the content of the law, legal knowledge of its original meaning is also necessary. The hermeneutic problem is to bridge the gap between the law and the incident. A change in the social or political situation should not determine the current law to obsolescence: the inherent irrational elasticity of a legal idea provides a field of action.There are also "resonating" metaphors that induce a large number of implications, stimulating new interpretations that reveal hidden implications. Thus, a certain loss of meaning inevitably takes place.The paper clarifies: in the history of law, the metaphor has gone from mythological and traditional ideas to modern legal fiction and "simulacrum".

In the neural network solution of many physical problems, it becomes necessary to reduce the dimension of the input data in order to achieve a more accurate and stable solution while reducing computational complexity. When solving the inverse problem of spectroscopy, high multicollinearity between input features is often observed, as spectral lines may be much wider than the spectral channel width. This leads to the need to use a feature selection method that takes into account this characteristic. The method discussed in this article is based on iterative selection of input features with the highest Pearson correlation with the target variable and elimination of input features with high cross-correlation. This study compares the quality of the neural network solution to the problem of determining the concentration of heavy metal ions in water by Raman and absorption spectra on the full feature set and on its subsets produced by the considered feature selection method and by conventional methods of selection of significant input features.

This study is devoted to the inverse problems of exploration geophysics, which consist in reconstructing the spatial distribution of the properties of the medium in the Earth's thickness from the geophysical fields measured on its surface. We consider the methods of gravimetry, magnetometry, and magnetotelluric sounding, as well as their integration, i.e. simultaneous use of data from several geophysical methods to solve the inverse problem. In their previous studies, the authors have shown that the integration of geophysical methods allows improving the quality of the solution of the inverse problem in comparison with the individual use of each of them. One of the obstacles to using the integration of geophysical methods can be the situation when for some measurement points there is no data from one of the geophysical methods used. At the same time, the data spaces of different integrated geophysical methods are interconnected, and the values of the observed quantities (fields) for one of the methods can be possibly recovered from the known values of the observed quantities of another geophysical method by constructing a preliminary adaptive mapping of one of the spaces to another. In this study, we investigate the neural network recovery of missing data of one geophysical method from the known data of another one and compare the quality of the solution of the inverse problem on full and on recovered data.

Modern technologies are rapidly changing the customary forms of being and reshaping the activities of social institutions. This transformation is accompanied by a belief in a long period of sustainable progress brought about through the media, the Internet, mobile telecommunication, robotics and artificial intelligence. Previously, science fiction as a literary genre served as an impetus for science and technology, today, the exact opposite is happening, i.e., scientific and technological breakthroughs inspire a variety of fantastic plots. The problem of gaining a scientific understanding of the mechanization of civilization has become a reality. Machines and technologies influence politics by some means or another. Previously differentiated forms of “the political” also show tendencies towards convergence and interpenetration. In this process, neutral technology tends to exhibit globalism, spreading its influence and its results to the whole world. Rationalization, without which techniques and technologies are unthinkable, revolutionizes the environment by offering its own logic and language to public and individual consciousness. As a result of the pacification of the irrational, structures of power and law frequently find themselves in a situation of isolation that is characterized as “lacking spirituality” and outside the interests of society. The technical elements are increasingly replacing the human elements. Formerly held humanitarian and organic ties are being replaced by technical, ethically neutral methods. Every “power machine” wants to appear impartial and objective in its actions and decisions; yet, even though the machine has no fate, it cannot avoid accidents. The tendency to evaluate everything in terms of numbers – both infinitesimally small and infinitely large can be traced back to antiquity. Machinery needs an accurate calculation of probabilities: it focuses on foresight; therefore, it embodies a “process” and cares not about tradition, but only about the stability of the system. The machine begins to live for itself and for its future.