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Pressures from various interests towards Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park have potential to trigger of damage on mangrove ecosystem. The study aims to identify the utilization of mangroves at Ngurah Rai Grand Forest ABSTRAKAdanya tekanan dari berbagai kepentingan terhadap kawasan Tahura Ngurah Rai berpotensi menjadi penyebab kerusakan tanaman mangrove yang menyebabkan perubahan ekosistem. Penelitian ini bertujuan: mengidentifikasi pemanfaatan mangrove oleh masyarakat; mengidentifikasi faktor internal dan eksternal dalam pengelolaan mangrove; dan menentukan strategi pengelolaan mangrove. Analisis SWOT digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dua faktor internal tertinggi yang menjadi kekuatan pengelolaan mangrove di Bali adalah lokasi yang strategis dan merupakan ekosistem mangrove terbesar di Bali. Sedangkan faktor internal yang menjadi kelemahan adalah banyaknya sampah dan lumpur serta adanya sedimentasi di Tahura bagian hilir. Faktor-faktor eksternal yang menjadi peluang pengelolaan mangrove yaitu wisatawan yang terus meningkat dan lokasi yang dekat dengan objek wisata lain. Sedangkan yang menjadi ancaman pengelolaan adalah adanya kepentingan pihak-pihak tertentu yang cenderung mengurangi keberadaan dan kelestarian hutan mangrove, pembuangan sampah di daerah hulu yang masih terjadi, dan pembangunan infrastruktur di sekitar. Lima strategi pengelolaan mangrove di Bali adalah implementasi dan penegakan aturan yang jelas, terkait zonasi dan regulasi yang menyertainya; pengelolaan sampah dan pengendalian pencemaran; penyuluhan dan pendidikan lingkungan terhadap masyarakat; perencanaan pembangunan strategis yang mempertimbangkan daya dukung dan daya tampung mangrove; pengembangan pariwisata yang melibatkan masyarakat dan kearifan lokal.

Payments for ecosystem services schemes are viewed as having the potential to achieve positive biodiversity and ecosystem service outcomes and social outcomes, and they have been widely studied since their development in the 1990s. We describe the state of payments for ecosystem services in Indonesia, where nine schemes were identified, four involving water and five involving carbon. We also assess the perceptions of stakeholders (donors, government, and non-government agencies) regarding the status of such schemes in Indonesia, and their views on what factors support or constrain their development. The main factors perceived to support payments for ecosystem services schemes were easily identifiable ecosystem services and service users, and the long-term support provided by individuals or institutions that facilitate the schemes, building on existing relationships between communities and these facilitating agencies. Stakeholders identified problems relating to regulation: the lack of regulation specifically in relation to payments for ecosystem services, but also overlap and uncertainties regarding regulations. Other constraining factors identified were the lack of recognition of environmental problems amongst potential buyers, and issues of rights and tenure for local communities. With so few operational programmes to date, covering a relatively small land area, and such constraints to further development, payments for ecosystem services schemes appear to have limited scope to supply ecosystem services successfully and sustainably at scale.

Stakeholders have a very important role interm of the management of upstream watershed. Thus, the common understanding on the existence and role of stakeholders is an important factor in order to achieve good governance of watershed management, leading to the attainment of environmental, social and economic benefits. This paper aims to analyse the role, interests, and cooperation among stakeholders and its relationship with the condition of upper Ciliwung watershed. Stakeholder analysis was used in this study to identify stakeholders, to categorize them, and to investigate the relationship between stakeholders. The analysis showed the lack of cooperation among stakeholders both between key stakeholders with primary stakeholders. This resulted in lack of communities' understanding on the benefits and the importance of conservation activities in the upstream Ciliwung watershed. Meanwhile, the cooperation between key stakeholders and supporting stakeholders, especially the providers of funds, was relatively better/stronger. This can be seen from a better management of inter-agency cooperation in the upstream Ciliwung watershed, although the effort was tend to be project-oriented. Therefore, communication forum need to be established, to taking role for synchronizing, collaborating and coordinating stakeholders' efforts, so that the management programs of upstream Ciliwung watershed can be integrated.