This study aimed to examine the impact of the project-based flipped classroom (PjBFC) model on online learning with synchronous and asynchronous strategies on student's critical thinking skills. The media used are Zoom meetings and WhatsApp. The research design was quasi-experimental research. The research subjects were students of the Geography Education Study Program taking Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Geografi (MPPG or Geography Education Research Methods) course at one of the universities in Indonesia. The sample was selected using a simple random sampling technique to 30 students divided to 2 groups, experimental group class A and the control group class B. The data collected from the post-test results dan data analyzed using t-test. Normality test and homogeneity test are carried before data analysis. The results showed that the PjBFC model in online learning with synchronous and asynchronous strategies had a significant effect to develop student's critical thinking skills. The PjBFC learning model is a superior learning approach for developing critical thinking skills both theoretically and practically. This study suggests that all relevant lecturers use PjBFC more widely in conducting lectures. Further research is recommended to apply the PjBFC model with different variables to test the generalizability and reliability of the PjBFC model.

The aim of the research was to develop a supplement of teaching materials for classXI geography subjects based on the local wisdom of the Kaili Da'a tribe in SigiRegency, Central Sulawesi, which is valid and feasible. Before developing thesupplement of teaching materials, first make preparations, namely: (1) Kaili Da'aresearch community in Dombu village, Marawola Sub district, Sigi Regency relatedto local wisdom values that are relevant to the geography material of XI high schoolclass. (2) Examines the Content Competency, Basic Competence, Teaching Materialand values of local wisdom that can be implemented in the geography learningmaterials of class XI high school. Teaching material supplements developed werevalidated by material experts and linguists. Products validated by material expertsand linguists show a percentage of 85% with qualifications that are very suitable foruse, after which a revision is made. The revised teaching material supplement wasthen tested for eligibility in small groups. The small group was 20 students of SMA 4Sigi, 20 students of SMA AL-Khairat Kalukubula, and 20 students of SMA 2 Sigi.The results of the feasibility test in the small group were 86.15% for SMA Negeri 4Sigi, 87.30% for SMA AL-Khairat Kalukubula and 86.73% for SMA Negeri 2 Sigi.These percentages respectively showed that the results of the development ofteaching material supplements received responses. Positive and qualify as eligible tobe used as a supplement of teaching materials.

Traditional customary law, Givu, in Indonesia, in the efforts to facilitate the sustainability of the environment as well as the preservation of natural resources, imposes fines or penalties on those who violate such laws; and the convictions are usually decided by consensus. This study aims to examine the effects of the integration of local wisdom values of Givu traditional customary law on students’ ecological intelligence by using local wisdom-based audio-visual media to teach social studies. The traditional legal values of Givu among the Kaili ethnic group were examined in the study. This paper adopts ethnographic methodology in conducting qualitative examinations of the subject matter. Relevant data were collected through various stages of observation, in-depth interviews and collaboration from other researchers, cultural observers, traditional leaders, religious figures and members of various communities. More information was gathered from teachers and students in the classroom, during the actual learning process which took place in the community used as the research location. The interviews hinged on the application of the traditional law (Givu) in connection with environmental issues faced by students in their daily lives in the community and in the school environment. The collected data was analyzed using Cresswell analytical techniques, after the preliminary data reduction process was carried out. The results of the analysis were implemented in the teaching of social studies in class VII, in Sigi 1 High School, Sigi District, Central Sulawesi, using a classroom action research model presented by Kemmis and Tagart. The outcome of the implementation indicated a significant improvement in students’ ecological intelligence, which is useful in preserving the forest (Mojagai Panggale).

This paper aims to (1) Describe the form of cooperation between transmigrants and local communities in Ketong Village; (2) Describe the form of accommodation between transmigrants and local communities in Ketong Village, and; (3) Describe the form of assimilation between transmigrants and local communities in Ketong Village. This research is descriptive and qualitative. Data collection techniques consisted of observation, interviews, documentation. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the writing are (1) The form of cooperation between transmigrants and local communities in Ketong Village is spontaneous cooperation, namely helping each other when grieving, direct cooperation, namely cooperation when there is an instruction from the village head, and traditional cooperation, namely cooperation when welcoming guests, cooperation during celebrations, and kumpulan / cooperation in the agricultural sector. (2) The form of accommodation between transmigrants and local communities in Ketong Village is tolerance, namely, respect for cultural differences, and visiting each other during holidays. (3) The form of assimilation between transmigrants and local communities in Ketong Village is assimilation in the field of agricultural crops and marriage

This study aims to describe the local wisdom of the Kaili da’a Tribe in managing agricultural land in Dombu Village, Marawola District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi. This research is descriptive qualitative, the research subjects in this study are the people of the Kaili da’a Tribe in Dombu village with the key informant of the Kaili da’a tribal chief, the types and sources of data are primary data and secondary data with data collection methods through observation and interviews. Qualitative descriptive data analysis technique. The results of this study indicate that the cultivation of agricultural land is carried out traditionally in accordance with the local wisdom of the Kaili da’a Tribe, while the management of agricultural land of the Kaili da’a Tribe includes: 1) Preparation includes customary council meetings and traditional ceremonies, 2) Land Opening, 3) Plowing of Land, 4) Land Harvesting, 5) Basic Fertilization.