This study demonstrates that in Korea smoking is a major independent risk factor for IHD, CVD, and ASCVD and that a low cholesterol level confers no protective benefit against smoking-related ASCVD.

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In Korea, the incidence of lung cancer is higher among non-smoking women whose husbands smoke, and a dose-response relationship seems to exist.

These results, in conjunction with trends in tobacco consumption, indicate that mortality from lung cancer in both men and women will increase substantially through the early part of the 21st century in Korea.