Cancer of the skin is by far the most common of all cancers. Although the incidence of melanoma is relatively low among skin cancers, it can account for a high number of skin cancer deaths. Since the start of deeper insight into the mechanisms of melanoma tumorigenesis and their strong interaction with the immune system, the development of new therapeutical strategies has been continuously rising. The high number of melanoma cell mutations provides a diverse set of antigens that the immune system can recognize and use to distinguish tumor cells from normal cells. Peptide-based synthetic anti-tumor vaccines are based on tumor antigens that elicit an immune response due to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Although targeting APCs with peptide antigens is the most important assumption for vaccine development, peptide antigens alone are poorly immunogenic. The immunogenicity of peptide antigens can be improved not only by synthetic modifications but also by the assistance of adjuvants and/or delivery systems. The current review summarizes the different chemical approaches for the development of effective peptide-based vaccines for the immunotherapeutic treatment of advanced melanoma.
La socialisation politique en Hongrie: la continuité dans le changement ILDIKÓ SZABÓ RÉSUMÉ. Les particularités de la socialisation politique hongroise sont intimement liées aux nombreux changements que le pays a connus au cours de XX e siècle. Ces changements ont empêché la cristallisation dans la pratique sociale des modèles de socialisation. Entre 1948 et 1956, le pouvoir a centralisé les mécanismes de la vie sociale et économique et, voulant créer un "homme nouveau," s'est assuré le contrôle direct des processus de socialisation. Après 1956 les institutions n'ont pas connu de changement radical, mais la pratique sociale a progressivement évolué, laissant se développer des formes alternatives. Cependant ces changements n'ont pu s'institutionnaliser. On observe que deux systèmes de valeurs, contradictoires, coexistent dans la pratique sociale, celui de la splière formelle et celui de la sphère informelle. Les institutions socialisatrices ne fournissent pas aux enfants des modeles qui leur permettraient de gérer les conflits, mais leur apprennent & a g r a v e ; les éviter.Les specificites d'un mode de socialisation politique dans une societe donnee sont rarement mises en relation avec 1'histoire du systeme politique et de la culture politique de cette societe, et, de fa~on g6n6rale, avec la part qui revient a I'h6ritage historique dans les rapports sociaux. De la mime fa~on, les bases th6oriques de la socialisation sont rarement posees a partir d'une etude du contexte historique.1 Ce constat est doublement paradoxal. D'une part parce que, au niveau de 1'exp6rience quotidienne, n'importe qui est capable de percevoir des diflbrences de comportement chez des individus de nationalités diflerentes mais qui appartiennent a une mime &dquo;r6gion historique&dquo;:2 le comportement d'un Anglais n'est pas identique à celui d'un Fran~ais, celui d'un Polonais a celui d'un Hongrois.3 Pourtant c'est lorsqu'on passe d'une region historique a une autre qu'apparaissent clairement les v6ritables differences; ce sera le cas, par exemple, pour un Hongrois venant s'etablir en France. D'autre part, comment peut-on ignorer les enseignements de 1'histoire au moment d'6tudier les conditions de la socialisation puisqu'elle se d6roule, par definition, dans le contexte de rapports sociaux et politiques qui se sont cristallis6s au cours du temps.
XML has been intensive investigated lately, with the sentence, that "XML is (has been) the standard form for data publishing", especially in data base area. That is, there are assumptions, that the newly published data take mostly the form of XML documents, particularly when databases are involved. This presumption seems to be the reason of the heavy investment applied for researching the topics of handling, querying and comprising XML documents. We check these assumptions by investigating the documents accessible on the Internet, possible going under the surface, into the "deep Web". The investigation involves analyzing large scientific databases, but the commercial data stored in the "deep Web" will be handled also. We used the technique of randomly generated IP addresses for investigating the "deep Web", i.e. the part of the Internet not indexed by the search engines. For the part of the Web that is accessed (indexed) by the large search engines we used the random walk technique to collect uniformly distributed samplings. We found, that XML has not(yet) been the standard of Web publishing, but it is strongly represented on the Web. We add a simple new evaluation method to the known uniformly sampling processes. These investigations can be repeated in the future in order to get a dynamic picture of the growing rate of the number of the XML documents present on the Web.
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