<p>Moslem intellectuals, inter alia : al Farabi, al Mawardi, al Ghazali, Ibnu Taimiyah, Inbu Khaldun, and Jamaludin al Afghani have factually addressed concepts of Islamic leadership since the classical era. Unfortunately, only a few Moslem researchers further study them and they are not yet further developed optimally. Accordingly, it is deemed necessary to further study about Islamic leadership by identifying the parameters advocated by Moslem leaders</p> <p>The purpose of this study is to explore of Islamic leadership  at Maliki Islamic State University (UIN) Malang. This research used 144 employees as samples. To test Islamic leadership at this unversity, factor analysis is used.</p> <p>The results of factor analysis showed that of the 30 proposed questions, 5 of them were excluded, namely :sincerity (not expecting material rewards), tenacity, friendliness, firmness to give sanctions to indiscipline subordinates and deliberation (openness to accept inputs from subordinates), and the extracted factors were 8 Accumulatively, Islamic leadership was justified by 68.8%. p. It was conclusive that the research contributed to Islamic leadership parameters adopted from the thoughts of classical through modern Moslem intelectuals.</p>

Kriptografi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari teknik-teknik matematika yang berhubungan dengan aspek keamanan informasi. Metode kriptografi yang digunakan untuk mengamankan pesan diantaranya adalah affine cipher dan cipher transposisi grup simetri. Affine cipher merupakan salah satu algoritma kriptografi klasik yang menggunakan metode substitusi. Modifikasi Affine Cipher membagi teks terlebih dahulu menjadi kelompok yang terdiri dari 𝑘 karakter lalu kemudian menggunakan Affine Cipher. Cipher transposisi grup simetri merupakan salah satu algoritma kriptografi klasik yang menggunakan metode transposisi. Cipher transposisi grup simetri menggunakan grup simetri-𝑛 sebagai kunci rahasia. Semakin besar nilai 𝑛 akan semakin banyak pula kemungkinan kunci dari cipher transposisi grup simetri. Metode substitusi dan transposisi memiliki tingkat keamanan yang cenderung lebih rendah. Untuk meningkatkan keamanan penyandian pesan maka dilakukan penggabungan algoritma cipher substitusi dan cipher transposisi yang disebut super enkripsi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penggabungan algoritma affine cipher dan cipher transposisi grup simetri, serta modifikasi affine cipher dan cipher transposisi grup simetri.

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The large demand for cows during Eid Al-Adha was likely to affect the beef prices. The current research aimed to create an interpolation of beef prices in Eid Al-Adha so that the researchers could predict the range of beef prices in Malang city (Malang and Batu cities as well as Malang districts), East Java, Indonesia. The results of this study suggested that the range of beef prices in Malang city was relatively stable between IDR 105,000 and IDR 115,000. The results also showed that the government had successfully maintained the price. However, the government needed to pay more attention to Batu city since it was found that the price in that area was higher than any other areas in Malang.