<em>Garlic is one of the main staples contributing to the biggest inflation in Indonesia because domestic prices tend to increase. On the other hand, imports of Indonesian garlic have an increasing trend even during the Covid-19 pandemic. This will certainly affect the supply of garlic farmers. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of garlic farmers to changes in domestic and import prices during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study was used secondary data in the form of annual time series data with a period of 30 series, from 1990 to 2020. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the supply response of garlic farmers in Indonesia by using Error Correction Model (ECM). The results showed that the Covid-19 pandemic caused garlic farmers to be very responsive to domestic prices, but not responsive to import prices. Therefore, high prices are also an incentive for farmers to increase their income of garlic farmers.</em>

High price fluctuations in onions can cause prices at the consumer level to change in a relatively quick time. However, the price change is not necessarily enjoyed by most of the onion farmers. This implies a high marketing margin and low farmer prices. This study aims to analyze the integration of onion consumer market with onion producer market in Indonesia by using VECM (Vector Error Correction Model). Monthly onion price data with 48 time series period is used to analyze the onion market integration. The results show that only the consumer market that affects the market of onion producers (one way). There are short-term and long-term market integration between the consumer market and the onion producers. However, changes that occur in the consumer market are not always accepted by the onion producers of the same scale. This shows that the price information of onion in the producer's market is not always transmitted perfectly to the onion producer market.

Normatively, price changes that occur in the consumer market will be passed on to the producer's market. The price change is not necessarily enjoyed by beef cattle farmers in Indonesia. The purpose of this research was to examine whether there is a vertical market integration of beef among consumer and producer market in Indonesia. The examination of this issue was done through the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The data used in this study were secondary. This study used monthly price data of beef (Rp/kg) in Indonesia, consisting of 96 observations from January 2011 to December 2018. This study reveals that there is a long-term relationship among the consumer market and producer market in Indonesia. The short-run was also found that vertical beef market integration in Indonesia is only one direction, from consumers to producers. This finding represents that the beef market is vertically integrated, but the integration is not perfect. Imperfect integration of beef marketing in Indonesia signifies that the beef market in Indonesia is inefficient both in the short and long term. This study recommends the government formulate policies that provide infrastructure to avoid market exploitation and asymmetry information from the consumer market to the producer market. Besides, the government needs a price brand policy, where the government sets a reasonable price disparity between prices at the farm level and prices at the consumer level.

Permintaan terhadap komoditas jagung di Indonesia terus meningkat karena produksi jagung tidak memadai untuk mencukupi konsumsi jagung yang terus meningkat. Dampak dari kondisi ini adalah terjadinya kelangkaan komoditas jagung dan meningkatnya harga jagung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis respon penawaran petani jagung terhadap perubahan harga input dan output. Dalam penelitian ini, juga dilakukan upaya untuk menguji respon penawaran petani jagung di Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode Error Correction Model (ECM). Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penawaran petani terhadap jagung dipengaruhi oleh harga kedelai, upah tenaga kerja, harga benih, harga pupuk urea, harga pakan, dan harga jagung impor. Petani jagung juga responsif terhadap harga jagung, oleh karena itu, kebijakan stabilitas harga dan kebijakan harga dasar dapat diberlakukan kembali untuk mendukung swasembada jagung. Penelitian ini juga merekomendasikan bahwa masih perlu kebijakan subsidi input dan perluasan lahan untuk meningkatkan penawaran jagung. Demand for maize in Indonesia keeps growing due to low maize production, while consumption keep increasing (excess demand). The situation creates scarcity in maize and leads to the commodity’s high price. This study aims to analyze the supply response of maize farmers on the changes of input and output prices. This study also examines the supply response of maize farmers in Indonesia by using Error Correction Model (ECM). The study uses secondary data. Results of the study shows  that supply of maize farmers is influenced by price of soybeans, wages of labor, prices of seed, of urea fertilizer, of feed, and of imported maize. Maize farmers are also responsive to changes in maize prices and therefore the policy of maize floor price can be re-applied to support the national food self-sufficiency. In addition the input subsidy and land expansion policies are still necessary to increase maize supply.

Covid-19 has brought surprising changes in the household behavior pattern and decision-making process in consuming food. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) identify household consumption pattern and purchase behavior due to the dynamics of supply shock during the Covid-19 pandemic and (2) analyze factors that influence household consumption decisions on food purchase during the Covid-19 pandemic. One hundred participants from Kaliwates and Sumbersari District, Jember Regency, had recruited by the cluster sampling technique. These districts were purposively selected as the study locations. Data were analyzed using logit analysis. Findings reported that variable of price, income, age, and residence dummy had significantly influenced the household consumption decision on food purchase during the pandemic at the level of=20%. Secure staple food stock is required, recalling the evidence that no significant change in the food consumption patterns documented in this study