Background: Dual Practice (DP) allows full-time public sector doctors to concurrently offer the same clinical services in the private sector. The debate against this practice seems to be largely influenced by its potential to reduce the contracted hours in the public sector and shift attention to private work. Purpose: The purpose of this secondary research is to estimate the monetary value of hours lost to the Nigerian public healthcare system when full-time government employee doctors are engaged in private practice. It attempts to quantify the amount of resource outflow from the public system due to absences and lateness arising from competition for time between the public system's contracted hours and private practice. Methods: Sensitivity analysis in Excel 2010 was used to calculate doctors' hourly pay in the public sector using the 2015 Consolidated Medical Salary Structure for medical and dental officers in Nigeria's federal public service. The parameters used for the calculation were the official 40-hour working week and the average monthly gross pay of doctors on different grade levels. Hypothetical scenarios of hours lost due to absences associated with DP were created. The value of different hypothetical hour losses by the percentage of doctors assumed to engage in dual practice across all doctor grade levels was then computed. Results: The estimated annual value of hours lost from dual practice to a single public tertiary care hospital was N4,851,754 or 15,855 USD (best case scenario) and N19,407,017 or 63,422 USD (worst case scenario) for the normal routine work and N1,800,133 or 5883 USD (best case scenario) and N3,600,266 or 11,766 USD (worst case scenario) for the on-call duty. Conclusion: The government may have been How to cite this paper: Eze, B.S., Jones, M. and Kyaruzi, I.S.

This paper discusses the notions of "entrepreneurialism" and enterprising culture. In particular, it examines the significance of such discourses on the contemporary workplace and consequent impact on the individual worker's identity and behaviour. Previous studies on Knowledge-Intensive Firms suggest that organisations are not entirely synonymous with post bureaucratic organisations, but mainly overlap it. It is revealed that majority of firms rely on "cultural or professional forms of control". These forms of control are regarded to have dependence on an ideology of entrepreneurialism and enterprising culture. Thus, the issues of power relations and discourses in Knowledge-Intensive firms are primarily investigated in this study to expose and understand how the drive by organisations for the "enterprising" individual produces a worker who is self-regulating and self-disciplined. The paper includes an assessment of discourses from various organisational actors to shed light on the roles played by "an enterprise" as a principle of control or government in creating autonomous and productive subjects in the workplace and wider society.

Abstract-This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of the provision of privacy of individuals through privacy enhancing technologies (PETs). The successful evolution and emergence of cyberspace with the real world through "Internet of Everything (IoE)" has led to the speedy progress in research and development of predictive analysis of big data. The individual's privacy has gained a considerable momentum in both industry and academia since privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) constitute a technical means to protect information. Privacy regulations and state of law deemed this as an integral part in order to protect the individual's private sphere when the infrastructure of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) is laid out. Modern organisations use consent forms to gather individual's sensitive personal information for a specific purpose. The law prohibits using the person's information for purposes other than that of when the consent was initially established. The infrastructure of ICT should be developed in alliance with the privacy laws and made compliant as well intelligent which learn by itself from the environment. This extra layer embedded in the system would educate the ICT structure and help system to authenticate as well as communicate with the perspective users. The existing literature on protecting individuals' privacy through privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) is still embryonic and does conclude that the individual's concerns about privacy are not fully considered in the technological sense. Among other contributions, this research paper will devise a conceptual model to improve individual's privacy.