1. Circular bare patches occur in high numbers among the vegetation of the Namib Desert margin. There is an ongoing scientific debate on the origin of these so-called "fairy circles" (FCs). One of the most frequently discussed hypotheses regards the bare patches to be the result of localised herbivory by sand termites of the genus Psammotermes (family Rhinotermitidae).2. In all earlier publications, the fairy circles of the Namib Desert region within their entire range from Angola through Namibia to South Africa were, in principle, regarded to be of one type, albeit increasing in size towards the north. Here we present evidence that at −16.23 ∘ latitude there is an abrupt discontinuity which separates the FCs on either side from each other.3. South of this discontinuity all studied FCs share the properties of the previously described fairy circles in Namibia and South Africa, especially the presence of Psammotermes termites.4. In contrast, north of −16.23 ∘ S the FCs are much larger and are caused by a different and undescribed termite species, most closely related to the harvester termite genus Microhodotermes (family Hodotermitidae). The two sets of fairy circles differ in a specific set of morphological features, associated termites, and soil parameters.5. The observed juxtaposition of the newly discovered large structures caused by a hodotermitid termite and the Psammotermes FCs caused by a rhinotermitid species is interpreted as an interesting example of convergent evolution resulting in similar ecological structures.

Welwitschia mirabilis is one of the most extraordinary plant species on earth. With a fossil record of 112 My and phylogenetically isolated within the order Gnetales, the monotypic genus Welwitschia has survived only in the northern Namib Desert in Angola and Namibia. Despite its iconic role, the biogeography, ecological niche, and evolutionary history of the species remain poorly understood. Here we present the first comprehensive map of the strongly disjunct species range, and we explore the genetic relationships among all range fragments based on six SSR markers. We also assess the variation of the environmental niche and habitat preference. Our results confirm genetic divergence, which is consistent with the hypothetical existence of two subspecies within Welwitschia. We identify an efficient geographical barrier separating two gene pools at 18.7°S in northern Namibia. We also identify further diversification within each of the two subspecies, with several different gene pools in ten isolated range fragments. Given the presence of well-isolated populations with unique gene pools and the association with different bioclimatic variables, rock types, and habitats within arid river catchments, we can hypothesize that the present intraspecific diversity may have evolved at least in part within the present refuge of the northern Namib Desert.