Objective: To investigate the outcomes of energy drink on renal tubules of albino rats. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: King Edward Medical University, Lahore from Aug 2018 to Dec 2019. Methodology: Group A and B were experimental groups received 1.5ml/kg and 2.2ml/kg body weight of energy drink, respectively. Group C received 1ml/kg body weight of distilled water. Comparison among groups was made by applying One-Way ANOVA for quantitative variables. Tukey’ test was used for post hoc analysis. For qualitative variables, chi-square test was applied to make comparison among groups Results: The mean initial and final weight of animals was around 152.7 ± 5.3g and 171.9 ± 5.1g, respectively. The mean paired kidney weight, relative tissue weight index, length and width of kidneys for all three groups were found insignificant. Microscopic examination showed tubular vacuolization in groups A and B showing p-value of 0.027. Conclusion: Consumption of energy drinks results in histopathological injury of epithelial cells of renal tubules.

Objective: To determine the consequences of energy drink (Red bull) on renal mesangium of albino rats.Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at the Anatomy Department of King Edward Medical University, Lahore, from August 2018 to December 2019. It was an experimental randomized controlled trial. Total 90 adult albino male rats, 8-12 weeks old, weighing 130 to 160 grams were taken. Healthy animals were included. Rats were divided into three groups Group A and B experimental groups received 1.5ml/kg and 2.2ml/kg body weight of red bull energy drink, respectively. Group C received 1ml/kg body weight of distilled water.Results: The mean initial and final weight of animals was around 150g and 170g, respectively. The mean paired kidney weight and relative tissue weight index for all three groups were found insignificant. Microscopic examination showed mesangial hypercellularity and vascular congestion in renal cortex of groups A and B, none in group C. These were significant among two experimental groups with a p-value less than 0.001.Conclusion: It was found that the use of energy drinks induces histopathological changes in the renal mesangium.

Introduction: Basiocciput is the part of occipital bone present on the inferior aspect of skull. Fossa Navicularis Magna-an osseous defect is a variation in normal anatomy of basiocciput. Lately few case reports presented this fossa as a cause of spread of infection from nasopharynx to brain resulting in meningitis and osteomyelitis. Objectives: This study aims to find the incidence and morphometry of this fossa in Pakistani populace to avoid any misdiagnosis or misinterpretations. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on dry human skulls at King Edward Medical University Lahore. Fossa was measured in its transverse and vertical diameters and to locate the fossa its distance from various anatomical land marks such as foramen ovale, foramen Lacerum, carotid canal, occipital condyles, pharyngeal tubercle and posterior border of vomer was noted. Results:  The incidence of this fossa was found to be 5.3% in Pakistani population. Predominantly oval shaped, fossa measured 5.5 and 3.06 mm in vertical and transverse diameters respectively. It was 12.2 mm posterior to vomer and 5.9 mm anterior to pharyngeal tubercle. Conclusion: This study is useful for radiologists and clinicians in avoiding any misinterpretations on radiographs and unnecessary investigations

Aim: Effects of available weight reducing drugs on the weights of a normal albino mice. Methodology: In this study, total 39 adult albino mice were used and were divided in three groups containing 13 animals in each. Group I served as control and was given 1 ml of distilled water once a day for 8 weeks. Group II and Group III served as experimental group and mice in these groups were given 0.5 mg of Slim Smart and Ultra Slim Plus drugs dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water respectively once a day for 8 weeks. To support these results weights of kidneys were also measured and relative tissue width index was calculated and compared with control group. Results: The weight of the animals increased in the experimental groups as compared to the control group. The overall difference for final weight among three groups was highly significant with p-value <0.01. When final weight compared group wise, the experimental groups had significantly higher weight as compared to control with p-values <0.01and 0.028 Conclusion: Both Ultra Slim Plus and Slim Smart drugs cause weight to increase in the individuals who are not obese and have BMI in normal range Keywords: Weight loss, Garcinia Cambodia, kidney, Albino mice

Background: This study was planned to see the toxic effects of energy drinks on the liver. The study was done for a period of one month in the animal house of the postgraduate medical institute, Lahore, on albino rats. Omega 3 was selected as a protective agent against the toxicity of energy drinks on liver parenchyma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective role of omega 3 on the histology of liver parenchyma damaged by an energy drink.Subjects and methods: A total of 30 male adult albino rats were used in this experimental study. They were divided into three groups with 10 animals in each: Group 1 was treated with distilled water at the dose of 0.5ml/100g of body weight, Group 2 was given an energy drink at the dose of 1.5ml/100g of body weight and Group 3 at the dose of 0.04-0.05ml/100g of omega 3 and 1.5ml/100g of body weight of energy drink. All doses were given for 4 weeks, orally once daily.Results: Hepatotoxicity was produced by the energy drink, as histological parameters deranged in experimental group 2, which was treated with the energy drink alone. While group 3, which was treated with omega 3 along with energy drink showed the protection of hepatic architecture to some extent by reducing inflammation and nuclear changes to prove the protective role of omega 3.Conclusion: Energy drink when given at dose of dose was 1.5ml/100gram/body wt.1.8ml was average dose adjusted on average base for a period of one month causes hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Omega 3 was given as at dose of 0.04-0.05ml/100 gm of body weight/day for a period of one month. It is concluded that 0.04-0.05ml/100mg of b.w/day of Omega 3 offered partial protection to liver against damage by energy drinks.Conclusion: It is concluded that 0.04-0.05ml/100mg of b.w/day of Omega 3 offered partial protection to the liver against damage by energy drinks.