Background: Upper gastrointestinal tract disorders are one of the most commonly encountered problems in clinical practice. A variety of disorders can affect the upper GIT. The definitive diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal disorders rests on the histopathological confirmation and is one of the bases for planning proper treatment. Aims and objectives: To determine the spectrum of histopathological lesions of upper gastrointestinal tract and to establish endoscopic biopsies as an effective tool in the proper diagnosis and management of various upper gastrointestinal tract lesions. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on the upper GIT endoscopic biopsies and the histopathological assessment was done at the department of pathology, Subbaiah institute of medical sciences, Shimoga from July 2016 to July 2017. Results: A total of 144 cases were taken and 163 endoscopic biopsies were studied. There were 88 male patient and 56 female patients. An age range of 9-88years was observed. There were 30 (18.4%) cases from esophagus, 05(3.06%) cases from GE junction, 93(57.05%) cases from stomach, 1 case (0.61) from neo stomach (GJstoma) and 34(20.85%) cases from duodenum. 100(61.34%) cases were non-neoplastic, 33(20.24%) cases were benign neoplasms while 30(18.40%) were malignant neoplasms. Histopathology revealed gastritis 63cases (63%) as the most frequently diagnosed inflammatory lesion while squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus, 19 cases (63.33%) comprised the most frequently diagnosed malignant lesion. Conclusion:In our study, the commonest site for upper GI endoscopic biopsy was from the stomach (57%) with 69.89% non neoplastic and 31.18% neoplastic lesions. Most common neoplasm of the stomach was adenocarcinoma. Endoscopy generates biopsy specimens from sites that were previously inaccessible without a major resection. So a thorough knowledge of the spectrum of lesions that can be diagnosed in these specimens is pertinent to make a proper diagnosis for better patient management.

Aims: 1. To identify various pathological lesions in gastric biopsies in patients with dyspeptic symptoms 2. To determine that H. pylori is a major etiologic organism in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis and to assess the graded variables of Helicobacter associated gastritis. Materials and methods: A total of 93 cases with complaint of dyspepsia were studied during the period July 2016 to July 2017. Endoscopic examinations as well as biopsy specimens from gastric mucosa were studied in all the cases for the various mucosal lesions. Results: Out of 93 cases studied, dyspepsia was most common clinical symptom seen in 80 patients. On endoscopy 18 patients showed normal appearance and erythema was the most common finding in 40 patients. On histopathology, 6 were normal, 80 cases showed various forms of chronic gastritis and 7 cases were malignant. Out of 80 cases of chronic gastritis, 43 showed H. pylori positivity. Most of the H. pylori positive cases were associated with activity and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. Conclusion: Prevalence of H. pylori in the present study was 46.2% in patients undergoing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopic biopsies. H. pylori associated gastritis is the predominant type of gastritis. Accurate endoscopic and histopathological examination of gastritis according to the Sydney grading system is a valuable indicator of H. pylori infection.

Background: Breast cancer is a disease with a wide spectrum of clinical, pathologic, and molecular features. It is one of commonest malignancy amongst Indian women. Adjuvant therapy, which helps in prolonging survival, is determined by the expression of Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR) and Human Epidermal Receptor (HER2/neu) on the cancer cells. Aims and Objectives: This study is carried out to look into the association of patient age, tumor grade and lymph node stage with ER PR HER2/neu expression. Materials and Methods:The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology of Subbaiah institute of medical sciences, Shimoga from July 1st to December 31 of 2018. The sample size is 30. Mastectomy specimens were assessed with respect to different parameters like patient age, tumour size, histological grade, lymph node stage and correlated with the ER, PR, HER2/ neu score. ER positive tumors were considered to have favourable receptor expression while triple negative followed by ER negative tumors were considered to have unfavourable receptor expression. Results and Analysis: Our study showed that breast cancers are more common in women aged more than 40 years but younger women had more triple negative and ER negative, which are unfavourable receptor expression. Also, Compared to grade to II, grade III had more triple negative expression. Although, N1 lymph node stage was most common, unfavourable expression was more common in N3 stage. Lymphnode metastasis was more aggressive in younger people. Conclusion: Younger women who had higher grade and aggressive nodal involvement with poor prognosis showed unfavourable expression of receptors. ER/PR/HER2 subtype is thus simple, inexpensive, easy to interpret test for clinicians. Patient survival and prognosis is helped by early diagnosis and treatment.

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