Significant differences in physical and optical properties of single-use or reusable flexible ureterorenoscopes are present, with putative influence on surgical efficacy and complications. Further comparative evaluation of single-use and reusable endoscopes in a clinical scenario is useful. Moreover, utilization of ureteral access sheaths may be considered to avoid renal damage.

We investigated how students without endoscopic experience profit from simulation-based training. The safe environment and repeated simulations can improve the surgical training. It may be possible to enhance patient's safety and the training of surgeons in long term.

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