Several variables were related to shift work tolerance among rotating shift working nurses, especially hardiness. Somewhat different variables were related to shift work tolerance for nurses who were new to night work than for nurses with more experience in night work.

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Life satisfaction is commonly used as an indicator of general well-being (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985), and has been found to be related to perceived stress, reported level of social support, and self-efficacy in university students (Coffman & Gilligan, 2002). However, few studies have looked at how life satisfaction relates to different aspects of sleep in student populations (Lund, Reider, Whiting, & Prichard, 2010), even though the importance of sleep for well-being has been documented in other populations. Paunio and colleagues (2009) found in a nationwide cohort study including 18 631 Finnish twins, that poor sleep can predict life dissatisfaction. Similarly, a longitudinal study by Kalak, Lemola, Brand, Holsboer-Trachsler, and Grob (2014) found that sleep duration in Swiss and Norwegian adolescents prospectively predicted psychological well-being (as measured by the Bern well-being questionnaire for adolescents-subscale). Considering that sleep problems have been found to also be present at alarming levels in college and university students (Buboltz, Brown, & Soper, 2001; Lund et al., 2010), more research regarding the relationship between sleep variables and well-being in college and university students is needed. Life Satisfaction Definitions of well-being and happiness can be grouped into three categories: normative, affective and cognitive (Diener, 1984). Only the two latter categories, the affec-tive and cognitive, consider the individual's own assessments, and is therefore relevant to subjective well-being. The affective category of happiness focuses on positive and negative affect, and has more resemblance to how we use the word happiness in everyday discourse. The cognitive category on the other hand, includes definitions that have focused on what make individuals evaluate their life in positive terms. One type of well-being, life satisfaction, falls into this cognitive category of happiness according to Shin & Johnson (1978) and is defined as a judgmental process where individuals assess the quality of their life by using their own criteria. Importantly, the judgement of the degree to which people are satisfied with their life is based on a comparison with a standard set by the individual him or herself, and is not externally imposed (Diener et al., 1985). Another construct that has been used when studying well-being is quality of life. Although this construct has been given countless definitions, it seems to often be defined in a broader way than life satisfaction and concerns the general well-being of people and societies (Felce & Perry, 1995). However, it is also sometimes used interchangeably with life satisfaction (e.g., Frisch, Cornell, Villanueva, & Retzlaff, 1992). In the current study, only life satisfaction, as defined above, is used. Sleep As sleep is a complex phenomenon, it can be helpful to consider which aspects of sleep one is interested in when studying its relationships to other concepts. Using more than one aspect of sleep also allows for a comprehensive assessment of...

Parent-child interactions are pivotal for children's socioemotional development, yet might suffer with increased attention to screen media, as research has suggested. In response, we hypothesized that parent-child play on a tablet computer, as representative of interactive media, would generate higher-quality parent-child interactions than toy play or watching TV. We examined the emotional availability of mothers and their 2-year-old child during the previous three contexts using a randomized crossover design (n = 22) in a laboratory room. Among other results, mothers were more sensitive and structuring during joint gaming on a tablet than when engaged in toy play or watching TV. In addition, mothers were more hostile toward their children during play with traditional toys than during joint tablet gaming and television co-viewing. Such findings provide new insights into the impact of new media on parent-child interactions, chiefly by demonstrating that interactive media devices such as tablets can afford growth-enhancing parent-child interactions.

Sleep problems are reported as common among performing artists and musicians. However, epidemiological research comparing musicians to different groups of the general population is lacking. For this study, 4,168 members of the Norwegian Musician's Union were invited to an online survey regarding work and health. Of the 2,121 (51%) respondents, 1,607 were active performing musicians. We measured prevalence of insomnia symptoms using the Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS), and compared this sample to a representative sample of the general Norwegian population (n = 2,645). Overall, musicians had higher prevalence of insomnia symptoms compared to the general population (Prevalence Difference 6.9, 95% Confidence Interval 3.9-10.0). Item response analysis showed that this difference was mainly explained by nonrestorative sleep and dissatisfaction with sleep among musicians. An additional analysis, comparing musicians to the general Norwegian workforce (n = 8,518) on sleep difficulties, confirmed this tendency (Prevalence Difference 6.2, 95% Confidence Interval 4.3-8.1). Musicians performing classical, contemporary, rock, and country music reported the highest prevalence of insomnia, and these genres might be of special interest when developing preventative measures, treatment strategies, and further research on sleep difficulties among musicians.