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This study aimed to evaluate how genistein affected the weight and histological structure of the thymus gland in adult and postnatal (P22) female albino mice. Fifteen adult female albino mice and fifteen postnatal (P22) female albino mice were used and divided between two experiments. The animals were divided into three groups (n=5) in each experiment: Group (I), the control group, Group (II), and Group (III), which received 10mg and 50mg genistein/ kg B. W. respectively. In comparison to the control, treatment with 50mg genistein resulted in a significant increase in the weight of the thymus gland in both adult and postnatal mice.  When compared to control, treatment with 10mg genistein resulted in a significant increase in this weight in adult females and a significant decrease in the weight of this gland in postnatal mice. Both genistein concentrations had a negative impact on the gland’s histological features. The formation of a "Starry sky" in cortical and medullary regions, an increase in the thickness of regions due to an increase or decrease in the number of T cells depending on genistein concentration, as well as histiocyte hyperplasia and blood vessel congestion, are among these consequences. In conclusion, because genistein affects thymic tissue negatively, it has the potential to create thymic and immunological diseases.

T HIS research was aimed to determining the influence of oak acorn flour on the body, liver and kidney weight, and some (hematological and biochemical) parameters of quail. One hundred quail birds (7 days old) were divided into five groups (n = 20 for each group). Group 1: Control group received a normal protein diet (NPD) containing no oak flour (0%). Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 (experimental groups) received 5, 10, 15, and 20% oak flour in NPD, respectively. The results showed no significant differences in mean body and organ weight between treated and control groups, but except for the concentration of 5% showed significant increase in body weight over six weeks when compared with control. No significant differences were also recorded in the hemoglobin and packed cell volume in both treated and control groups. When compared to the control group, group 5 (20%) had a significant increase in the number of heterophils cells and a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes. While other types of leucocytes showed no significant changes in their numbers in all groups. Treatment with oak acorn flour showed no significant effects on levels of all biochemical parameters enrolled in this study in all groups. In conclusion: Quail feeds could contain 20% oak acorn flour seemed to be save and without adverse effects on the body and organ weight, and all blood parameters. Oak acorns could be employed as a source of energy in a quail diet, and their nutritional value is equivalent to that of cereal grains.

The main objective of this study was to compare the demographic characteristics and histological changes in the amniotic membrane (AM) of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM), and non-diabetic women. A total of thirty AM samples (n = 10 for each group) were obtained from full-term pregnant women without any complications. These samples were processed for paraffin blocks, sectioned, and stained with H&E. The results of demographic characteristics showed the mean maternal age of the PGDM and GDM groups was significantly higher compared with the control. Neonatal weight decreased significantly in the PGDM group, but both diabetic groups showed no significant differences between them in terms of maternal age and neonatal weight. A random blood sugar (RBS) test and WBC count showed a highly significant increase in GDM and a significant increase in PGDM. The highest significant value of RBC was recorded for PGDM. The thickness of the epithelial layer plus the basement membrane (BM) was significantly increased due to the PGDM. while the compact layer plus the fibroblast layer and the total thickness of AM showed a significant increase in GDM. The nucleus diameter of AM epithelial cells was significantly decreased in diabetic groups. The histological examination revealed that both diabetic groups caused several changes and damage in AM, including: hypertrophy and hyperplasia in epithelial cells associated with the formation of the vacuole between them; degeneration of some of these cells that pinched off from the lining epithelium; breakdown of the compact and fibroblast layers and caused damage to the stromal collagen fibril; epithelial cells and their nuclei became elongated and resembled columnar epithelium; and the basement membrane appeared thicker in comparison to the control group. In conclusion, GDM and PGDM induced various alterations and damage to the AM, which in turn delayed embryonic development and the delivery.

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