Combined therapeutic approach with preoperative selective embolization followed by surgical resection by an experienced team offers a safe and effective method for complete excision of the tumors with a reduced morbidity rate.

In our experience, CAS followed immediately by cardiac surgery is safe and represents a reasonable option for selected patients presenting with severe carotid and coronary disease.

Careful clinical examination together with detailed previous history taking can identify the majority of patients with CAS. Further data are required for the construction of a scientifically valid policy as a guideline.

Our midterm results demonstrated that the ProCol vascular bioprosthesis was a promising material for VA with good patency and low complication rates.

Stenting of subclavian and innominate venous stenoses and occlusions effectively corrected the underlying lesions responsible for disturbed hemodynamics and, in most cases, prolonged available hemodialysis access from the affected side.