Soybean (Glycine max cv. Stevens) suspension cells were used to investigate the expression of the alternative oxidase (Aox) multigene family. Suspension cells displayed very high rates of cyanide-insensitive respiration, but Aox3 was the only isoform detected in untreated cells. Incubation with antimycin A, citrate, salicylic acid or at low temperature (10 degrees C) specifically induced the accumulation of the Aox1 isoform. Aox2 was not observed under any conditions in the cells. Increases in Aox1 protein correlated with increases in Aox1 mRNA. Treatment of soybean cotyledons with norflurazon also induced expression of Aox1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected upon incubation of cells with antimycin, salicylic acid or at low temperature, but not during incubation with citrate. Aox1 induction by citrate, but not by antimycin, was prevented by including the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine in the medium. The results suggest that multiple pathways exist in soybean to regulate expression of Aox genes and that Aox1 specifically is induced by a variety of stress and metabolic conditions via at least two independent signal transduction pathways.

Penelitian penggunaan bunga kecombrang dalam formulasi permen jelly telah dilakukan. Tujuan daripenelitian ini adalah mengetahui formulasi yang paling disukai berdasarkan uji organoleptik danspesifikasinya berdasarkan standar permen jelly dalam SNI 3547.2-2008. Penelitian ini terdiri dari duatahap yaitu pertama penentuan formulasi permen jelly dan kedua analisis produk meliputi sifat fisik,sifat kimia, aktivitas antioksidan, cemaran logam dan total mikroba. Sediaan bunga kecombrang yangdigunakan dalam formulasi permen jelly adalah ekstrak air dan manisan bunga kecombrang. Hasilpenelitian menunjukan bahwa formula kode M2 merupakan produk yang paling disukai oleh panelisberdasarkan uji organoleptik.Spesifikasi permen jellytersebut adalah kekerasan 130,43 g force;kekenyalan 10; pH 3,84; kadar air 4,92% (b/b); kadar abu 0,14% (b/b); kadar protein 7,34% (b/b);kadar lemak 0,15% (b/b); kadar gula pereduksi 6,18% (b/b); aktivitas antioksidan (IC50) 161,82μg/mL; logam Pb 0,52 mg/L dan total mikroba permen jelly sampai akhir penyimpanan pada hari ke-4masih dibawah 5x104 koloni/gram yaitu 8,19x103 koloni/gram produk. Berdasarkan standar permenjelly, spesifikasi permen jellyyang paling disukai telah memenuhi standar yang ditetapkan dalam SNI3547.2-2008.

The identity of the multiple alternative oxidase bands detected in various soybean tissues was investigated to determine if any modification that can alter the mobility on SDS-PAGE of the alternative oxidase occurs after mitochondrial import other than removal of the presequence. Comparison of the mature, in vitro imported products of AOX1, AOX2 and AOX3 in soybean cotyledons and rat liver mitochondria indicated that they had an identical apparent molecular mass to their in vitro expressed mature forms. This suggests that no modification specific to plant alternative oxidase altering the mobility on SDS-PAGE, took place. Changing the –2 and/or –3 Arg residue resulted in the inhibition of the generation of this mature form, suggesting that processing was most likely by the general mitochondrial processing peptidase. Comparison of the in vitro expressed mature forms to that detected by immunoblots of soybean tissues, required the induction of AOX1. Treatment of soybean cultured cells with antimycin A resulted in the induction of an additional band cross-reacting to monoclonal antibodies against the alternative oxidase. Comparison of the in vitro expressed mature forms to the alternative oxidase detected by western blotting indicated that they were identical in apparent molecular mass. These results indicated that no modification other than presequence removal, which alters mobility on SDS-PAGE, was required to generate the mature functional alternative oxidase proteins.

Coconut water and rotten banana fruits are commonly found in traditional markets as organic wastes. One way to overcome the problems caused by these organic wastes is to convert these unuseful matter into an important and economically useful matter by using them as components of tissue culture media. One important commodity that is usually propagated by tissue culture is Phalaenopsis orchid type 229 (Phalaenopsis amabilis). Therefore, it would be more benefit to substitute the expensive chemicals with organic wastes such as coconut water and banana puree.In this experiment, addition of coconut water and banana pure to the minimum media containing commercial fertilizer red Polyhyponex, sucrose and commercial agar did not show any inhibition of Phalaenopsis orchid plantlet growth. This probably caused by sufficient macro and micro nutrients provided by those organic matter and Polyhyponexfertilizer. Moreover, addition of 100 mL/L of coconut water and 100 mg/L banana puree gave the optimum leaf and adventitious shoot formation. On the other hand, addition of 150 mL/L coconut water gave the optimum height and root formation. In this case,growing Phalaenopsis orchid plantlet should be done in 2 subculture period. The first subculture is to obtain maximum amount of leaf and shhot formation while the second subculture is to obtain optimum height and root formation.Key words : Waste, coconut water, banana puree, tissue culture, Phalaenopsis orchi

AbstrakHerba ceplukan (Physalis angulata Linn) merupakan salah satu bahan alam yang digunakan masyarakat untuk pengobatan tradisional sebagai antikanker. Pada penelitian sebelumnya hasil pengujian ekstrak ethanol 70% herba ceplukan (Physalis angulata Linn.) terhadap Artemia salina Leach (larva udang) dengan metode Brine Shirmp Lethality Test (BSLT) diketahui memiliki sifat toksik dengan nilai LC 50 sebesar 39,63 µg/ml. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan mengetahui efek sitotoksisitas ekstrak ethanol 70% herba ceplukan dengan menentukan kadar yang menyebabkan 50% sel mati (LC 50 ) terhadap sel kanker usus WiDr secara in vitro. Herba ceplukan (Physalis angulata Linn) diekstraksi dengan cara maserasi dengan penyari ethanol 70%. Sel kanker usus WiDr diperlakukan dengan ekstrak ethanol 70% herba ceplukan dengan seri kadar yaitu 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.125 dan 7.81 µg/ml selama 24 jam. Sebagai kontrol positif digunakan doksorubisin dengan seri kadar sebagai berikut: 2; 1; 0.5; 0.25; 0.12; 0.06; 0.03 dan 0 .01 µg/ml. Uji sitotoksisitas dilakukan dengan menginkubasi sel kanker usus WiDr dengan kepadatan akhir sel 2.10 4 sel / ml persumuran plat kultur. Uji sitotosisitas ini menggunakan metode perhitungan langsung dengan bantuan alat haemocytometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak ethanol 70% herba ceplukan (Physalis angulata Linn.) mempunyai sitotoksisitas sebesar 86,84 μg/ml terhadap sel kanker usus WiDr yang di atas nilai indikator positif sebagai bahan bersifat sitotoksik yaitu sebesar > 30 μg/ml. Nilai tersebut juga sangat lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan nilai LC 50 doksorubisin sebagai pembanding sebesar 0,113 µg/ml. AbstractCutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata) is a broadleaf weed commonly found in several plantations in Indonesia. This plant is a popular folk medicine used to treat cancer, leukemia, hepatitis and other diseases. Previous toxicity experiment using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method indicated that the 70% ethanol fraction of cutleaf groundcherry fruits was toxic to the shrimp larvae with LC 50 value at 39,63 µg/ml. This experiment was done to investigate further the possible role of s as an anti cancer agent using WiDr colon cancer cell lines. Experiment was initiated by extracting the fruits using n-hexane by maceration. The macerate was then macerated further using 70% ethanol as solvent. The ethanol fraction was used in cytotoxicity assay using WiDr (colon cancer) cell lines. Cytotoxicity assay was done using direct counting method. Colon cancer WiDr cell lines was treated with 70% ethanol fraction of cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata) using serial dilution of 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.125 and 7.81 µg/ml for 24 hours of incubation. As a control positive doxorubicin was also tested on the colon cancer WiDr cell lines using serial dilution of 2; 1; 0.5; 0.25; 0.12; 0.06; 0.03 and 0 .01 µg/ml for 24 hours of incubation. The amount of living cells were observed and counted, death percentage was then determined and probit analysis was...