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In the domain of damage detection, many notable methods have been introduced over the past years. Damage Load Vectors (DLV) is among the most powerful methods, which computes a set of load vectors from variations in exibility matrices of a frame in undamaged and damaged conditions. These exibility matrices are derived from acceleration responses of the frame that can be captured using accelerometers. The DLV method then scrutinizes this shift among exibility matrices, which ultimately enables locating the damaged member(s). This study holistically conducted seven experimental tests with seven damage scenarios of a test frame installed on a semi-harmonic shaking table. The DLV method was subsequently employed to locate the damaged members using recorded frame vibration data that were obtained from`noisy' accelerometers positioned on the frame at eight prede ned locations. The Eigen Realization Algorithm (ERA) alongside Pandy's recommendations was adopted herein to facilitate the generation of accurate exibility matrices derived from the noisy accelerometers. The outcome is very encouraging with the accurate identi cation of damaged members in all seven damage scenarios without any`positive-false' and`negative-false' ndings. Additionally, there is a decrease (from 0.045 to 0.289) in the accuracy of Weighted Stress Indices (WSI) index when the number of damaged members is increased.

One of the most important criteria in freight modal choices is the transport operating cost in which fuel price changes has a significant effect on it. This paper presents the impact of fuel price increases on the operating cost of the different transport modes for the containerized freight transportation. In this study, an operating cost equation was applied to compare the operating cost of different freight transport vehicles as well as evaluation of the operating cost changes across a range of fuel prices between the current price and one-hundred percent increase. The equation consists of influential parameters such as fuel cost, driver wage and maintenance cost of a vehicle. It has been concluded that the effect of the fuel price increase on the operating cost of different freight transportation modes is not in the same rate. According to equation and effective parameters considered, comparing the results showed that truck has the highest cost, train has the largest increase in price. Finally, the ship is the most influenced vehicle in terms of operating cost percentage increase when the rate of fuel price increase, followed by train and truck.

Reefing of Oil and Gas structure has become as one of the emerging options for decommissioning of an O&G Structure offshore and requires expert input beyond engineering such as biomarine and environmental sciences. This paper will present the interdisciplinary collaborative effort by industries with academia in Malaysia in developing a reef viability index as the first high level screening to assess the suitability of decommissioning using the reefing option in the region. The results of the reef viability index formulation to identify an offshore area that potential to be used for Rigs-to-Reefs (RTR) program in the South China Sea. The integration of data collection, numerical modelling and Geographic Information System (GIS) aims to review the relationship of coral reefs spawning ground, diversity and planula larvae in the colonization process which to produce a reefing area map. Coral connectivity and spawning behaviour were investigated to reveal the potential source of coral seedling as well as the number of coral larvae based on different taxa released during the spawning seasons. A spatial reef viability index was developed based on seven parameters, i.e. coral larval density, pelagic larval duration, sea currents, temperature, chlorophyll-a, depth, and substrate availability. Hydrodynamic model was developed to emulate the pattern of larval scattering. Based on the simulation and rankings, there were 95 (21%) sites that are most likely for in-situ reefing while the remaining 358 (79%) sites were probably suitable for ex-situ reefing or decommissioning. Validation of the viability index was done using Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) media footage assessment.