This article evaluates the legal framework of cryptocurrency in various countries. The new currency instrument is abstract currencies. They are currencies in the sense that they can be exchanged peer-to-peer. They are representations of numbers, i.e. abstract objects. An abstract currency system is a self-enforcing system of property rights over an abstract instrument which gives its owners the freedom to use and the right to exclude others from using the instrument. Cryptocurrency or virtual currency is a cryptographically protected, decentralized digital currency used as a means of exchange. Due to the development of new technologies and innovations, the rate of use of virtual currency is rapidly increasing throughout the globe, replacing not only cash payments and payments by bank transfer, but also electronic cash payments. Among the best-known representatives of cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin, Litecoin and Ethereum. Legal scholars have not yet reached a consensus regarding the nature and legal status of virtual currency. Virtual currency possesses the nature of obligations righ ts as well as property rights, since it may be both a means of payment and a commodity. Depending on the country, the approach to cryptocurrencies may be different. Today there is already an international cryptocurrency community that does not have a single coordinating center. Only progressive jurisdiction and state regulation of cryptocurrency activity will allow the creation of the conditions that will ensure the implementation of legitimate and safe cryptocurrency relations.

the virtual currency or cryptocurrency is a cryptographically protected decentralized digital currency used as means of exchange. Due to development of new technologies and innovations, the rate of using of virtual currency is rapidly increasing throughout the globe, replacing not only cash payment and payments by bank transfer, but also electronic payments. To resolve the legal aspects of the virtual currency, the European Union has also faced the need to create the appropriate legal regulation, but does not hurry with its adoption. Currently, there is no single legal definition of the virtual currency and general legal regulation in the EU, but some countries of Europe have defined the status of the virtual currency for taxation. The purpose of the article is to reveal problems of the virtual currencies legal regulation in EU.

With the evolving commodity-money relations the promissory note has gradually become a universal credit-settlement instrument used in business and banking practice. In the XXI century the promissory note market started to be used both for virtual transactioning and for the transactioning not directly related to the receipt of the particular monetary funds and even for the pursuit of the activities under a ban. After the gambling ban at almost the entire territory of the Russian Federation, stock exchange programmes and bill of exchange terminals started to be actively used to legalize gambling. The imperfection of the legal regulations and the court practice cannot solve the problem of such gambling prohibition forms and gambling halls under the bill of exchange guise of clubs continue their work in different regions of Russia. The paper considers the problem of organizing and conducting gambling using the bill of exchange terminals in the Russian Federation, as well as the court practice on the legality of exchange clubs bill of, the corresponding conclusions have been drawn.

The problem of stray animals is caused by violation of safety standards and is an extremely relevant issue on the public agenda. In scientific publications, this issue is usually connected with post-materialistic values. It involves the humanist values and the principles of biocentrism, which apply ethical and legal norms to animals. The research objective was to study the issue of homeless animals as a social problem, as well as various solution methods. The research was based on Russian and foreign social studies that discuss the problem of homeless animals. The analysis shows that the problem of stray animals and ways to solve it are reflected in conflicts between moral and legal norms. The empirical part of the research included an Internet survey conducted in Togliatti in 2019 and the method of unstructured observation. Representatives of different gender and age groups proved to have different views on the problem and its solutions. The survey participants did not favor preventive measures and proposed to create long-term charity-funded shelters.

No abstract