No abstract

Traditional hard drives consisting of spinning magnetic media platters are becoming things of the past as with the emergence of the latest digital technologies and electronic equipment, the demand for faster, lighter, and more reliable alternate storage solutions is imperative. To attain these requirements, flash storage technologies like Solid State Drive (SSD) has overtaken traditional hard disk drives. In a forensic analysis of flash storage devices, forensic investigators are facing severe challenges for the reason that the sovereign behavior of solidstate storage media does not look favorable compared to traditional storage media devices. Wear Leveling, a fundamental mechanism in Solid State Drive (SSD), plays a severe challenge that most often destroys forensic evidence in many cases. It makes it complicated for forensic investigators to recover the necessary evidence.Persistence of deleted data in flash storage media depends on various factors like the Garbage Collection process, TRIM command, flash media type, manufacturer, capacity, file system, type of file saved, and the Operating System, etc. In view of this, extensive experiments conducted to identify the probability of data recovery and carving. Analyzed effects of Wear Leveling and Garbage Collection processes in Solid State Drive (SSD) of different manufacturers, having the same storage capacities and with a different type of files utilized. In conclusion, experimental findings established the fact that Wear Leveling in solid-state media can obfuscate digital evidence, and a conventional assumption regarding the behavior of storage media is no more valid. Moreover, data persistency also depends on the manufacturers, time-lapse of forensic analysis after data deletion, type of files, and size of files stored in Solid State Drives (SSD).

After 9/11 incident, the US and NATO forces entered Afghanistan to defeat Al-Qaida and its affiliated militant group–Taliban. The NATO forces invasion pushed militants from Afghanistan to take refuge in nearby places. Due to close proximity and vulnerable borders, many of these militants entered Pakistan’s erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), which resulted in the growth of militancy and extremism in the region. Pakistan launched a series of operations to counter terrorism and its facilitators. Operation Zarb-e-Azb was the continuation of those operations, started as a last vengeance in North Waziristan Agency with the aim to evacuate common people and then to extinguish militants. Resultantly, operation started in the mid of June, 2014 and the people of North Waziristan Agency started migration to the adjacent areas i.e., Bannu, Lakki Marwat and Karak etc. with worries and miseries in their hearts. Operation Zarb-e-Azb has been discussed in the literature. However, the perspective of IDPs has been overlooked. The study is descriptive-exploratory which is accomplished on a mixed study approach. This research article aimed to assess the perception of IDPs camped in Lakki Marwat from 2014-17 regarding the operation's causes and factors and the problems IDPs faced during displacement.

The implications of the 9/11 incident affected the whole region, but unfortunately, Pakistan was at the most. Due to the NATO forces attacks, most militants migrated to Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) for the sake of refuge, which caused the growth of militancy and extremism in Pakistan. To cope with terrorism and stop the advancement of this evil, the government decided to launch operation Zarb-e-Azb as a last vengeance in North Waziristan Agency to evacuate citizens and then extinguish militants. Resultantly, around about 1 million IDP’s displaced to the adjacent areas, i.e., Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Karak etc., in the mid of June 2014. This research article focuses on IDPs hosted in Lakki Marwat and their socio-economic impact on the host community. The research is descriptive-exploratory based on a mixed study approach; data used in this research were collected from both primary & secondary sources. The people of the host community argue that IDPs create a number of socio-economic problems like a rise in prices, compromised quality of goods, shortage of houses, occupation of schools, increase in crime rate, security problems etc.