Spent coffee ground (SCG) produced in tons by restaurants and cafeterias and domestic consumers is a potentially good source of natural antioxidants because it contains substantial amounts of bioactive compounds. The purpose of this study was to identify the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of three different types of spent coffee ground (SCG), namely Robusta, Arabica and Liberica extracted using ultra-sonicmethanol assisted technique. DPPH, FTC, TBA, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were used to measure the antioxidant properties. Robusta SCG exhibited the highest DPPH inhibition 41.63±0.04%), FTC (60.42±0.03%) and TBA analysis (73.09±0.08%). The total phenolic compounds in the samples varied widely ranging from 18.94±0.06 to 26.23±0.86 mg GAE/g sample, with Robusta SCG showing the highest value among the three, while Arabica SCG depicted the highest amount total flavonoid content (47.62±0.05 to 56.20±0.08). A strong correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were observed in this study. Compared to Arabica and Liberica SCGs expended, Robusta SCG demonstrated a stronger beneficial effect against lipid peroxidation. This study reveals that SCGs can be regarded as a new useful source of natural antioxidant with a view to increasing the use of antioxidant synthetics by using the ingredient of agro-industrial residues in food production especially ingredients for functional food.

This article applies bibliometric analysis to examine existing works and literature on Halal Cosmetics to explore the concept’s evolving journey since its emergence. This study applies bibliometric approaches such as citation, co-citation, and co-occurrence of author keywords based on a bibliometric analysis of 137 publications extracted from the Scopus database between 2004 and September 2021. This research examines and elaborates the kind and direction of research on Halal cosmetics undertaken over the last few decades. It also identifies the most influential writers, journals, institutions, and countries concerning Halal cosmetics. This study might provide academics and practitioners with detailed insights into the Halal cosmetics concepts, which can subsequently be used as a reference for strategic efforts. AbstrakArtikel ini menerapkan analisis bibliometrik untuk mengkaji karya dan literatur yang ada tentang kosmetik halāl untuk mengeksplorasi perjalanan konsep yang berkembang sejak kemunculannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan bibliometrik seperti sitasi, co-citation, dan co-occurrence 137 publikasi yang diambil dari database Scopus antara tahun 2004 dan September 2021. Penelitian ini mengkaji dan menguraikan jenis dan arah penelitian tentang kosmetik halāl yang dilakukan selama beberapa dekade terakhir serta mengidentifikasi penulis, jurnal, institusi, dan negara paling berpengaruh tentang kosmetik halāl. Analisis SWOT singkat termasuk dalam penelitian ini. Kajian ini memberikan wawasan yang mendetail kepada akademisi dan praktisi tentang konsep kosmetik halāl, yang selanjutnya dapat digunakan sebagai referensi untuk upaya-upaya strategis.

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Male-to-female transgenders are discriminated in Malaysia due to their gender expression, their involvement in the sex trade, and the high prevalence of HIV infection in this community. They are burdened by many health issues including HIV and sexually transmitted diseases, psychiatric problems, substance abuse, and complications resulting from feminizing procedures. Although majority of the transgender community is Muslim, many of them are far from religious guidance due to discrimination and fear towards criminalization. Efforts are needed to tackle the risks and

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