-In simple terms, a phytosociological survey is a group of ecological evaluation methods whose aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of both the composition and distribution of plant species in a given plant community. To understand the applicability of phytosociological surveys for weed science, as well as their validity, their ecological basis should be understood and the most suitable ones need to be chosen, because cultivated fields present a relatively distinct group of selecting factors when compared to natural plant communities. For weed science, the following sequence of steps is proposed as the most suitable: (1) overall infestation; (2) phytosociological tables/graphs; (3) intra-characterization by diversity; (4) inter-characterization and grouping by cluster analysis. A summary of methods is established in order to assist Weed Science researchers through their steps into the realm of phytosociology.Keywords: weed community; density; frequency; dominance; diversity; similarity.RESUMO -Levantamento fitossociológico, em termos simples, é um grupo de métodos de avaliação ecológica com o objetivo de fornecer uma visão compreensiva tanto da composição como da distribuição de espécies vegetais em uma certa comunidade. Para compreender a aplicabilidade desses levantamentos para a ciência das plantas daninhas, bem como sua validade, devem-se escolher os métodos mais adequados e com base ecológica, uma vez que áreas cultivadas apresentam um grupo relativamente distinto de fatores de seleção, em comparação com os ambientes naturais. Para estudos fitossociológicos de plantas daninhas, a seguinte sequência de passos é proposta como a mais adequada: (1) infestação geral; (2) tabelas ou gráficos fitossociológicos; (3) intracaracterização por diversidade; e (4) intercaracterização e agrupamento por similaridade. Um apanhado dos métodos é apresentado, visando apoiar pesquisadores e estudantes da área de Plantas Daninhas em seus passos no reino da fitossociologia.
In this paper, we study a variant of the resource-constrained project scheduling problem in which resources are flexible, i.e., each resource has several skills. Each activity in the project may need several resources for each required skill. We present a mixed-integer linear programming formulation for this problem. Several sets of additional inequalities are also proposed. Due to the fact that some of the above-mentioned inequalities require a valid upper bound to the problem, a heuristic procedure is proposed. Computational experience is reported based on randomly generated data, showing that for instances of reasonable size the proposed model enlarged with the additional inequalities can be solved efficiently.
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