T he coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought the One Health concept to the forefront of global health. From an infectious disease standpoint, the focus of One Health is often on how human activity expanding and encroaching on wildlife habitats may adversely affect humans through spillover of pathogens from wildlife reservoirs. However, the opposite-transmission of pathogens from humans to wildlife-is also possible in these situations. In Brazil and other countries, destruction and alterations of natural habitats and deforestation driven by human activities such as agricultural and urban expansion force some nonhuman primate (NHP) populations to live in anthropized areas, intensifying interactions between humans and NHP species and increasing the risk for interspecies transmission of agents of infectious diseases (1).The black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) is one example of an NHP now well-adapted to human-altered environments. Marmosets are naturally found in the Brazilian Savanna and Caatinga Biome and are commonly commensal in urban and periurban areas (2); close human-marmoset interactions (i.e., feeding) are common. Because these settings are suitable for interspecies transmission of pathogens, infectious disease surveillance of NHPs provides an invaluable opportunity to detect emerging and reemerging zoonotic and anthroponotic diseases as well as predict pathogen spillover events.Alphaherpesviruses usually cause asymptomatic or mild infections in their natural hosts but are often associated with severe illness after cross-

Increased meat and egg production leads to concomitant changes in poultry practices, including the indiscriminate use of formaldehyde to sanitize hatching eggs. Although this sanitizer aids in the increase in poultry production, its toxic potential for man and for avian embryos represents an obstacle to its long-term use. This review assesses whether essential oils fit into the context of hatching egg contamination, reviewing their antimicrobial efficiency, toxicity to poultry embryos and chicks, and their sanitizing effects on poultry production parameters. Studies have indicated that, because they are safer, most of the essential oils studied can be a potential substitute for formaldehyde for minimizing microbial exposure of hatching eggs and embryos. However, complementary studies on the microbiological profile of embryos and chicks hatched from eggs sanitized with essential oils need to be carried out and the economic feasibility of the candidate products should also be considered.

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Despite the considerable morbidity and mortality of Yellow fever virus (YFV) infections in Brazil, as well as its widespread presence in non-human primate host, our understanding of disease outbreaks is hampered by limited viral genomic data. Determining the timing and spatial corridors of YFV spread, as well as the geographic hotspots that link the endemic north of the country with epidemic extra-Amazonian regions, are central to predicting and preventing future outbreak events and epidemics. Here, we tracked the recent spread of the virus by integrating genome sequences of new YFV infections sampled from infected non-human primates and humans with both epidemiological and vector data. Through a combination of phylogenetic and epidemiological models we reconstructed the recent transmission history of YFV within different epidemic seasons in Brazil. A suitability index based on the highly domesticated Aedes aegypti was able to capture the seasonality of reported human infections. Spatial modelling revealed spatial hotspots with both past reporting and low vaccination coverage, which coincided with many of the largest urban centres in the Southeast. Phylodynamic analysis unravelled the circulation of three distinct YFV lineages, and provided proof of the directionality of a known spatial corridor of viral spread that connects the endemic North with the extra-Amazonian basin. This study illustrates that genomics linked with field sampling of animals and humans within a One Health framework can provide new insights into the landscape of YFV transmission, augmenting traditional approaches to infectious disease surveillance and control.