No abstract

The complexity of ecological conditions in urban areas imposes the plant species need for the development of various biochemical and physiological adaptive strategies. The aim of our research was to examine the antioxidative and antifungal metabolism of species Pinus nigra, Picea omorika, Tilia cordata and Betula pendula from the area of Banja Luka City (urban area) during two vegetation seasons (spring and autumn) and compared with the same species from forest habitats. Changes in the protein concentration, activity and isoenzyme profiles of peroxidases (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), content and antioxidative activity of total phenols and antifungal activity in leaves and needles of the plants from the urban area and forest habitats were monitored. The obtained results indicate that urban areas induce changes in antioxidative metabolism in all examined species, but that the response is species specific. The most sensitive parameter that indicates different adaptation strategy of Pinus nigra, Picea omorika, Tilia cordata and Betula pendula to environment conditions in the urban area were peroxidase isoenzyme patterns. Less specific parameter was phenol content even though there are some indications for role of their antioxidative capacity in the adjustment to specific habitat. In addition, each species had different metabolic strategy to cope with the changes caused by the urban environment.

In this paper, an attempt was made to contribute to the use of biological markers, n-alkanes, and polycyclic alkanes of the sterane and terpane type, in the assessment of the source of oil pollutants in the environment using the example of the correlation between recent river and coastal sediments,. Four samples of recent river sediments of the Vrbas River and four samples of adjacent bank sediments (soils), in the part of the River that belongs to the city of Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina) were analyzed. In the alkane fractions of isolated extracts, a bimodal distribution of the n-alkanes was observed. Lower homologues dominated in the recent river sediments with maximum at C 15 , but higher n-alkanes dominated in the soil samples, with a maximum at n-C 29 or at n-C 31. The higher concentration of steranes and terpanes with oil type distributions in the recent/fresh river sediments (compared to the bank sediments) represents evidence that lower n-alkanes originate from oil sources. The higher content of total hydrocarbons in the recent river sediments than in the bank sediments further confirms this conclusion. At the same time, these fundamental considerations provide evidence that oil pollution primarily occurred in the water flow and then the oil pollutants propagated towards the riverbank.

In this study, changes in Class III peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud. Utricularia vulgaris L. and Salvinia natans (L.) from the Bardača wetland during one vegetation season (June-October) were monitored. The highest activities of soluble and ionic cell wall bound peroxidases (solPOX and ionPOX, respectively) were measured for Phragmites communis (leaf > root > rhizome), followed by Utricularia vulgaris (whole plant), then Salvinia natans (whole plant). The results showed that during the vegetation period (August-September) the activity of solPOX, ionPOX and PPO in Phragmites communis increased, but the activity decreased drastically in October. For Salvinia natans and Utricularia vulgaris, a different seasonal distribution was obtained in the PPO activity, i.e. with a maximum activity during July and a minimum one during September. Different seasonal trends in enzyme activities are probably the result of abiotic stress caused by changing physic-chemical environmental conditions and different adaptive capacities of the studied species to habitat conditions. Correlations between physicochemical environmental parameters and enzyme activities indicate the possibility of using POX and PPO activities as an important bioindicatos of environmental status.

UVODPotrebe čovjeka za proteinima mogu biti kvalitativne ( zavisno od količine azota) i kvantitativne (zavisno od količine aminokiselina). Međutim, još uvijek nije postignut jedinstven konsenzus i najbolje ih je planirati u ishrani tako da čine 10-15 % kalorijskog unosa na dan.The National Research Council trenutno smatra da je potrebno unositi 0,8 g proteina po kg tjelesne mase na dan. Potrebe u proteinima se mogu definisati kao ona količina proteina koja obezbjeđuje azotnu ravnotežu odraslih i pozitivni azotni bilans kod djece. Opšte je poznato da je meso odličan izvor proteina. Proteini iz mesa su visoko iskoristivi i sadrže značajan udio esencijalnih aminokiselina. Kobasice su česti i nezaobilazni proizvodi od mesa, veoma zastupljeni u ishrani savremenog