Botulismo em bovinos resulta da ingestão de toxina previamente formada. No presente trabalho são descritos sete surtos da intoxicação onde os dados clínico-patológicos, epidemiológicos e os achados laboratoriais indicaram a possível ingestão da toxina através da água contaminada. O coeficiente médio de mortalidade foi de 20,1%, com letalidade de 99,92%, e morbidade de 31,62%. Dos cerca de 9.000 bovinos envolvidos nos surtos, 2.844 morreram com quadro clínico predominantemente superagudo e agudo. A alta morbidade e mortalidade foram registradas num curto período de tempo e envolveram todas as categorias animais, com quadro clínico-patológico caracterizado por paresia e paralisia da musculatura da locomoção, deglutição e mastigação e ausência de lesões macroscópicas. As circunstâncias em que ocorreram os surtos estiveram relacionadas com a existência de carcaças de animais decompostas ou matéria orgânica vegetal na água de dessedentação. Foram detectadas toxinas botulínicas C e/ou D nas coleções de água, nas vísceras e no soro sangüíneo de parte considerável dos materiais examinados.

The objective of this review on the investigation of "cara inchada" in cattle (CI), pursued over the last 30 years, was to elucidate the pathogenicity of the disease and come to proper conclusions on its etiology. CI has been widely considered to be of nutritional origin, caused primarily by mineral deficiency or imbalance. However, the disease consists of a rapidly progressive periodontitis, affecting the periodontal tissues at the level of the premolars and molars during the period of tooth eruption generally starting in young calves. The disease led to great economic losses for farmers in central-western Brazil, after the occupation of new land for cattle raising in the 1960s and 1970s. The lateral enlargement of the maxillary bones of affected calves gave the disease the popular name of "cara inchada", i.e., swollen or enlarged face. The enlargement was found to be due to a chronic ossifying periostitis resulting from the purulent alveolitis of CI. Black-pigmented non-saccharolytic Bacteroides melaninogenicus, always together with Actinomyces (Corynebacterium) pyogenes, were isolated in large numbers from the periodontal lesions. B. melaninogenicus could be isolated in small numbers also from the marginal gingiva of a few healthy calves maintained on CI-free farms. "In vitro"-assays showed that streptomycin and actinomycin, as well as the supernatants of cultivates of actinomycetes from soils of CI-prone farms, applied in subinhibitory concentrations to the bacteria tested, enhanced significantly (up to 10 times) the adherence of the black-pigmented B.melaninogenicus to epithelial cells of the bovine gingiva. The antibiotics are apparently produced in large quantities by the increased number of soil actinomycetes, including the genus Streptomyces, that develop when soil microflora are modified by cultivating virgin forest or "Cerrado" (tree-savanna) for the first time for cattle grazing. The epidemiology of CI now provides strong evidence that the ingestion with the forage of such antibiotics could possibly be an important determinant factor for the onset and development of this infectious periodontitis. The antibiotic enhanced adherence of B.melaninogenicus to the sulcus-epithelium of the marginal gingiva, is thought to allow it to colonize, form a plaque and become pathogenic. There is experimental evidence that this determinant factor for the development of the periodontitis is present also in the milk of the mothers of CI-diseased calves. It has been shown that the bacteria isolated from the periodontal CI-lesions produce enzymes and endotoxins capable of destroying the periodontal tissues. The epidemiology of CI, with its decline in incidence and its disappearance after several years, could be explained by the fact that the former equilibrium of the microflora of the once undisturbed virgin soil has been reached again and that the number of antibiotic producing actinomycetes has been anew reduced. By this reasoning and all the data available, CI should be considered as a multifactorial infectious disease, caused primarily by the anaerobic black-pigmented non-saccharolytic Bacteroides melaninogenicus, always together with the micro-anaerobic Actinomyces pyogenes. Accordingly, the onset and development of the infectious periodontitis is apparently determined by ingestion with the forage of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics produced in recently cultivated virgin soils. This hypothesis is supported by the recent observation of renewed outbreaks of CI-periodontitis in former CI-prone areas, following fresh cultivation after many years. The infectious nature of CI is confirmed by trials in which virginiamycin was used efficiently for the oral treatment of CI-diseased cattle. Previously it has been shown, that spiramycin and virginiamycin, used as additives in mineral supplements, prevented CI-periodontitis.

A 76-d feeding trial was conducted with 24 wether lambs (31 kg, initially) to study the interrelationships among dietary P, Al and Fe. A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments included two concentrations of supplemental P (0 or .25%) with added P as NaH2PO4, two levels of supplemental Fe (0 or 760 ppm) with Fe added as ferric citrate and two levels of supplemental Al (0 or 1,450 ppm) with Al added as AlCl3 . 6H2O. The basal diet contained .17% P, 40 ppm Fe and 168 ppm Al. Phosphorus increased (P less than .01) feed consumption, but Fe (P less than .01), with added P improving and Fe or Al depressing gain. Additional P improved gain (P less than .05) and intake (P less than .01) in the presence of high Al and intake (P less than .05) when dietary Fe was high. Serum P was increased (P less than .01) by high dietary Fe and reduced (P less than .01) by Al. High dietary P increased (P less than .05) serum MG. High dietary Fe increased (P less than .01) hemoglobin and hematocrit and increased (P less than .01) Fe storage in liver, kidney, spleen and muscle but decreased (P less than .01) kidney Zn concentration. High dietary Al increased (P less than .01) liver Fe and kidney Zn levels but decreased kidney P and Mg (P less than .05) and bone ash and Mg (P less than .01). Based on these studies, additional dietary P appeared beneficial in overcoming the adverse effects of high dietary Al or Fe.

Uma versão condensada em português de um artigo de revisão sobre a periodontite da "cara inchada" dos bovinos, publicado em inglês, está apresentada com algumas informações adicionais. A doença foi responsável por grandes perdas de bovinos jovens, principalmente nas décadas de 1970 e l980 no Brazil Central. Em face da periodontite progressiva e a perdas de dentes, os animais não podem se alimentar convenientemente, tornam-se emaciados e podem morrer. A doença foi tida como uma deficiência ou desequilíbrio mineral. Mas as pesquisas de campo e de laboratório, realizadas durante 30 anos, mostraram que trata-se de doença infecciosa multifatorial a ser definida como Periodontite Epizoótica Bovina. Chegou-se à conclusão que os fatores principais para o seu desenvolvimento são: (1) a idade dos bovinos na fase de erupção dos dentes premolares e molares; (2) a presença de bactérias do grupo Bacteroides spp nos espaços subgengivais; e (3) a ingestão com a forragem de concentrações subinibitórias de antibióticos, sobretudo de estreptomicina, produzidos por actinomicetos cujo número é aumentado em solos virgens recém-cultivados na formação de pastagens após a derrubada da mata ou da vegetação de Cerrado; isto leva a um aumento da aderência dos bacteróides ao epitélio gengival e à destruição dos tecidos peridentários. Hoje em dia, a doença perdeu a sua importância e praticamente desapareceu, porque a microbiota do solo entrou novamente em equilíbrio e a abertura de grandes áreas virgens para a pecuária cessou. Porém, novos surtos podem ocorrer em áreas anteriormente positivas para a doença quando, na reforma de pastagens ou capineiras, houver um novo desequilíbrio da microbiota do solo. Outros antibióticos, como a espiramicina e virginiamicina, administrados por via oral ou adicionado a misturas minerais, podem controlar a periodontite.

. Na segunda fase, reduziu-se a carga animal durante a seca e os dias de amamentação (de 1,0 para 0,5 vacas/ha e de 210 para 90 dias, respectivamente). Foram realizadas medidas de consumo da mistura mineral (M = 76 e MP = 112 g/cab./dia); teor médio de fósforo na forrageira (época das chuvas = 0,16%, época seca = 0,11%); peso vivo (primeira fase: M = 363±3,3 e MP = 371±3,8 kg; segunda fase: M = 407±5,7 e MP = 417±6,5 kg); taxa de natalidade (primeira fase: M = 67±3,3 e MP = 66±3,5%; segunda fase: M = 74±6,3 e MP = 80±5,7%) e bezerros desmamados (primeira fase: M = 86±5,0 e MP = 91±5,3; segunda fase: M = 55±6,4 e MP = 67±5,7). As vacas de cria não responderam ao fósforo suplementar.Termos para indexação: cria, nutrição, minerais, Nelore, gramínea tropical, reprodução, cerrado. EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF BEEF COWS GRAZING