Use of wild-caught individuals as a key factor for success in vertebrate translocations.-Success of vertebrate translocations is crucial to improve efficacy and efficiency of conservation actions but it is often difficult to assess because negative results (failed translocations) are seldom published. We developed surveys and sent them to heads of conservation services in three major Spanish Mediterranean regions. The purpose of our surveys was to determine which methodological factor that could easily be implemented in practice was more influential for translocation success. These factors included the origin of translocated individuals (captive or wild) and translocation effort (propagule size and program duration). After analyzing 83 programs, corresponding to 34 vertebrate species, by means of generalized linear mixed modelling, we found that 'origin' was more relevant for translocation success than 'effort', although we could not rule out some role of translocation effort. Variance in success of translocation programs involving individuals from wild sources was smaller and consequently results more predictable. Origin interacted with taxa so that success was higher when using wild birds and especially wild fish and mammals, but not when releasing reptiles. Hence, we suggest that, for any given effort, translocation results will be better for most vertebrate taxa if individuals from wild sources are used. When this is not feasible, managers should release captive-reared individuals for a long number of years rather than a short number of years.

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One of the most important physiological disorders of red rose cultivars is blackening of petals, it affects outer and inner ones and results in flowers of poor quality. The goal of this review is to make an approach to the blackening disorder, determining the main possible causes in order to make available to growers, academics, scientifics as well as stakeholders, the inputs that allows to unveil its origin and to optimize its handling. Symptoms of blackening are showed especially when the flowers have been harvested and stored under cold room conditions; due to high accumulation of pigments, such as anthocyanins, also could be due to stress conditions, such as high or low UV radiation, low temperatures or a nutrient imbalance in the affected tissues.The following subjects will be treated: i) calcium and boron and their interaction, ii) calcium and physiological disorders, iii) pigments involved in the petals red color, iv) role of the phenolic compounds, particularly the anthocyanins, which are responsible for most of the red, pink, purple and blue colors observed in plant parts; as well as the environmental factors that can influence the blackening on red rose.

El presente artículo de reporte de caso educativo presenta una serie de preguntas disruptivas que buscan cuestionar la actividad científica natural desde la ciencia escolar. Se espera que los maestros enriquezcan su retórica al momento de interpretar y explicar los acontecimientos científicos tratados en el aula. Esto a partir del análisis de algunos casos sucedidos en la historia de las cienciaspor ejemplo, sobre la naturaleza de la materia, el concepto de vacío, la teoría de los gases, y el modelo matemático de Dirac, a partir de conceptos como verdad, hecho científico, fenómeno y experimentación, en el marco de un seminario doctoral, desde la perspectiva metodológica de la investigación acción participativa, la relatoría y grabación de las discusiones como instrumentos de recolección de la información. Finalmente, se considera que los profesores deben asumir una concepción de ciencia como producto cultural que permita la problematización del mundo a través de la construcción e implementación de modelos científicos escolares. Es precisamente al momento de construir dichos modelos que se hace necesario formular las preguntas realizadas en esta disertación.

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