No abstract

Certain relations between the specific volume and composition of glasses of the soda-silica series have previously been rep orted. Additional glasses were made in the same series and also in the potash-silica and soda-potash-silica series. The glasses were analyzed a nd their densities measured. Analysis of the new data suggests tha t the sp ecific volume-composition relations change definitely at compositions approximating those of eutectics, instead of at those of simple molecular ratios, as previously reported.

The linear thermal expansions from 25 C to the "critical" and "softening" temperatures were determined for 19 soda-silica and 30 soda-lime-silica glasses by the interferometer method. Graphs have been prepared from which the critical termperature, softening temperature, the expansions to these temperatures, and the annealing range can be predicted approximately for any glass in the range of compositions studied.

The index of refraction and density of 44 soda-alumina-silica glasses and the thermal expansion of 29 of the glasses were det ermined. The composition of the glasses, which varied from 1 to 10 percent alumina, 19 to 45 percent soda, and 50 to 78 percent silica, was determined by chemical analyses. The data are given in tabular form and graphs are presented from which the index of refraction, density, critical and softening temperatures, and the linear thermal expansion from room temperature to these t emperatures can be predicted with reasonable accuracy for any glass in the series studied. The substitution of alumina for soda and silica in the proper ratios will give glasses having the same refractivity, density, and expansion as the original soda-silica glass ; these ratios are approximately 1:1.8, 1:1, and 1 :1.5, respectively. On the expansivity for a given t emperature range the effect is about the same same as that of silica.

'Gala' apples trees were treated with kaolin (Surround) in mid-July, and fruit were sampled 1 and 7 days after treatment. Apples were gently rinsed with cold deionized water to remove loose surface material. Small sections of cuticle tissue were shaved from the fruit surface with a razor blade and flash frozen on an aluminum block held at-190ºC with liquid N 2. The tissue was freeze-dried, coated with a thin film of carbon, and examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis system capable of light element detection. Qualitative secondary electron imaging combined with quantitative elemental compositional analyses indicated kaolin particles may become embedded in the cuticle between individual wax platelets.