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\H flow equations have been derived assuming that flow I. tfough the cascade impactor corresponds to isentropic flow. Ffh e flow-measuring orifices were designed to operate in the nearitica.1 range. To calculate the gas flow across the orifice, the I' j t j ca l pressure ratio is calculated as follows:

Human survival depends on the continuous supply of energy the demand of which has been steadily increasing. Sharp rises in fuel prices have had major repercussions on the economies of the countries with the greatest energy dependence, and make it imperative to change the attitudes and practices in business and social circles. Today, the problem involves meeting energy needs without negatively affecting the environment, as well as ensuring the wellbeing of current and future generations (sustainable development). The promotion of alternative energy is one of the priorities of the energy and environmental policy of European Union, since it is a decisive factor in reducing greenhouse gases, thus enabling compliance with the Paris agreement. In this work, the contribution of the photovoltaic systems installed for self-consumption in the headquarters of the parish council of São Bartolomeu de Messines, Algarve, Portugal, was assessed. The results indicate that a system with an installed capacity of 6 kW, requiring an investment around 10 000 €, could achieve its economic pay-back in 6.7 years, contributing to a reduction of the annual electricity bill in the building by 60%.

In the EU 28, the installed heating appliance stock is quite old, with an actual replacement rate of 4%. This is directly reflected in the average efficiency of the installed heating systems, where around 60% of the stock is rated with an energy class of C or D (the lowest classes of the energy label scale). The European project HARP aims at raising consumers’ awareness of the planned replacement of their old and inefficient heating appliances with more efficient and renewable solutions. In this direction, an energy labeling methodology for old appliances has been developed to rate the installed stock before the introduction of the EU energy label. The methodology has been developed for space heating appliances and water heaters, targeting two types of users: end consumers and professional users. The validation considered about 4600 space heating appliances and 800 water heaters built between 1972 and 2019. Three heating appliances and two water heaters were tested in the laboratory, confirming the reliability of the proposed methodology. The expected impact of defining an energy labeling methodology for installed heating appliances increases the current replacement rate of these appliances in the EU from 4% to 5%.