No abstract

A numerical analysis on the smoke behavior and evacuee safety has been performed with computational fluid dynamics. The purpose of this study is to build computational processes for an evacuation and prevention of a fire disaster of a 3 km-length tunnel in Korea. To save computational cost, 1.5 km of the tunnel that can include a few cross-passing tunnels is considered. We are going to assess the fire safety in a road tunnel according to the smoke level, which consists of the smoke density and the height from the floor. The smoke density is obtained in detail from three-dimensional unsteady CFD analysis. To obtain proper temperature distributions on the tunnel wall, one-dimensional conduction equation is considered instead of an adiabatic wall boundary or a constant heat flux. The tunnel considered in this study equips the cross passing tunnels for evacuees every 250 m. The distance is critical in both safety and economy. The more cross passing tunnels, the more safe but the more expensive. Three different jet fan operations can be considered in this study; under-and over-critical velocities for normal traffic condition and 0-velocoty operation for the traffic congestion. The SE (smoke environment) level maps show a smoke environment and an evacuating behavior every moment.

Objectives: Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor is mainly used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. Malignant melanoma associated with the use of sildenafil is a safety signal established in the past. However, the time of onset of this event is not well explored. The purpose of this study was to examine the onset profiles of Sildenafil associated Malignant Melanoma using FAERS database. Methods: A systematic data mining was performed in FAERS Database (1998Q2 to 2019Q4) using a pharmacovigilance analytical tool (OpenVigil 2.0) in order to access the FAERS data. Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) was used to compute the signal strength of Sildenafil induced Malignant Melanoma. A value ROR-1.96SE ,1 was obtained and considered as a positive signal. The time-to-onset was computed by subtracting the date of the event with start date of the drug (date of eventstart date of drug) and the profile was analyzed using the Weibull shape parameter (WSP) test. Shape and scale parameters were used to define the time to onset profile. Results: FAERS database had a total of 6274 reports for Malignant Melanoma. Total number of reports for Sildenafil associated Malignant Melanoma was 1539 (24.5%). The signal strength of Sildenafil associated Malignant Melanoma was 37.33 (37.22-39.56) which is well above the threshold. The median time-to-onset of Sildenafil associated Malignant Melanoma was 1461 (range: 657-2588) days. WSP test indicated wear-off failure-type profile with shape parameter: 1.30 (95% C.I 1.23-1.38) and scale: 1884.60 (95% C.I 1777. 74-1996.52). Conclusions: Sildenafil followed wear-off failure-type profile, suggesting that attention should be given in later stages of treatment. The risk of malignant melanoma increases as the duration of treatment increases. Thus, it is advisable to avoid long treatment, especially more than 650 days. However, due to the widely distributed data, patients should be monitored throughout the course of therapy.