No abstract

This study explores whether teenagers` traditional media use time has been affected by smartphone use time. Drawing on the Korean Media Panel Survey from 2011 to 2014, we specify two models-a two-stage least squares (2SLS) and a two-stage least squares with individual fixed effects (2SLS-FE)- and compare the estimates. The estimates from the 2SLS model show that teenagers` smartphone use time has a substitution effect on book reading time, computer use time, and TV watching time, while the estimates from the 2SLSFE model show that teenagers` smartphone use time has a substitution effect on teenagers` book reading time and computer use time but no significant effect on their TV watching time.