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Observed enhancements of fusion cross sections at low energies are explained as caused by an underestimate of beam energy due to an overestimate of the stopping energy loss.

Based on a first-order straight-line path SCA calculation a general expression for the angular momentum orientation parameter Lperpendicular to for direct s-p excitation is determined. The derived scaling relation is in excellent agreement with multi-state close-coupling computations for s-p excitations in H+-H (1s) and H+-Na (3s) collisions at intermediate to high projectile energies.

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