El maíz es de gran importancia para el estado de Campeche con base en el número de productores y la superficie cultivada, debido a ello es un cultivo prioritario para la investigación y transferencia de tecnología. En la presente investigación se tuvo como principal objetivo determinar el efecto de la fertilización sobre el rendimiento de grano. Se utilizaron 11 híbridos, los cuales se sometieron a dos ambientes, con y sin fertilización. El experimento se abasteció solo con el agua de lluvia. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias altamente significativas entre los tratamientos de fertilización y los híbridos. El tratamiento sin fertilización registró el promedio de rendimiento más bajo. La respuesta promedio a la fertilización fue de 1 231 kg ha-1 y estuvo en un rango de 749 a 2 558 kg ha-1. Por otra parte, aunque todos los híbridos respondieron positivamente a la fertilización, esta respuesta fue diferencial, influida por la interacción genotipo-ambiente. La fertilización estuvo valuada en $2 900 ha-1, equivalente a 878 kg de grano a precios corrientes de 2017. Con fertilización los mejores materiales fueron 7W69C, MH-9058 con rendimiento medios de 6 172, 6 004 kg ha-1, lo que representa ingresos netos de 9 743 y 9 188 pesos por hectárea, respectivamente, lo anterior se traduce en una productividad de 0.97 y 0.92 pesos por metro cuadrado. Asimismo, en el maíz no fertilizado, los mejores materiales fueron DKB-399 y 7W79C, con rendimientos medios de 5 185 y 4 748 kg ha-1, lo que da lugar a ingresos netos de 9 386 y 7 943 pesos por hectárea, respectivamente y se traduce en una productividad de 0.94 y 0.79 pesos por metro cuadrado. La fórmula de fertilización 110-46-00 aplicada al maíz, ocasionó un incremento del ingreso neto que en promedio fue de $1 162 ha-1, que podría ascender a $3 815 ha-1 en promedio, si se utilizan los híbridos más sobresalientes.
Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd is a destructive foliar disease of soybean (Glycine max L), which was first confirmed in North America in Louisiana during 2004 (4). Soybean rust (SBR) has also been reported late in the growing season as far north as Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa. SBR was first confirmed in Mexico in 2005 in the state of San Luis Potosi on soybean (3) and subsequently reported in the states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and the southwestern coast of Chiapas. Symptoms of SBR were observed on leaves of multiple, nearly mature soybean plants near the city of Campeche (19.72796°N, 90.0771°W) on the Gulf Coast of the Yucatan Peninsula during November 2008. Angular and irregular chlorotic lesions on leaves contained necrotic spots and pale brown, erumpent, cone-like uredinia with a central opening. Ellipsoid to obovoid, echinulate, light tan urediniospores (10 to 13 × 16 to 18 μm) were observed microscopically. DNA was extracted from leaf tissue containing uredinia and from asymptomatic tissue with the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). P. pachyrhizi was confirmed in the symptomatic leaves by a PCR assay with Ppm1/Ppa2 primers, but not from the asymptomatic leaves (1). Subsequently, the DNA extracted from symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf tissues was tested again in another laboratory by a specific quantitative PCR assay (1), and positive results for the presence of soybean rust were obtained only from the symptomatic tissue. As a final confirmatory step, amplified DNA from the PCR assay was sequenced, and the results matched P. pachyrhizi sequences in the GenBank database. To our knowledge, these observations confirm for the first time the presence of P. pachyrhizi in the state of Campeche of southern Mexico. Although it was confirmed on soybean during 2008, it is not known how long the pathogen has been present or which other hosts may be infected there. The presence of SBR on the Yucatan Peninsula is significant because of its potential effects on local plant hosts. In addition, the climate allows possible year-round survival of the pathogen and long-distance transport of urediniospores to the United States. Potential transport of SBR spores from this part of Mexico to the United States has been reported through the application of NOAA's HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Transport) model and atmospheric back-trajectory analysis (2). References: (1) R. D. Frederick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002. (2) S. V. Krupa et al. Plant Dis. 90:1254, 2006. (3) A. C. Rodriguez et al. Plant Dis. 90:1260, 2006. (4) R. W. Schneider et al. Plant Dis. 89:774, 2005.
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