Acute rejection was significantly lower in the ATG-Tac group compared with the ATG-CsA and Tac triple groups. Significantly more hematologic and infectious adverse events were observed in both ATG induction groups.

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Few pre-dialysis patients met the EBPG target for Hb concentration, despite regular nephrology care.

This article first describes the epidemiology and reasons of late referal to the nephrologist of patients suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Depending on the definition, between 25 and 50% of worldwide ESRD patients are referred very late. Second, the relation of late referral to the quality of pre-ESRD care, its impact on the selection of dialysis modality, on the time of start of dialysis and on the use of an adequate vascular access, are discussed. Finally, the economic aspects of late referral are described and ways to improve the referral pattern are proposed.

aging kidney after endothelin inhibition. Hypertension 2004; 44: 974-981 51. Traupe T, Muenter K, Barton M. Impaired sodium and potassium excretion with aging is regulated by increased endothelin. Circulation 2002; 106 [Suppl II]: 684 52. Amaral SL, Papanek PE, Greene AS. Angiotensin II and VEGF are involved in angiogenesis induced by short-term exercise training.