AbstractThe purpose of the study is to establish absolute reliability and concurrent validity between hand-held dynamometers (HHDs) and isokinetic dynamometers (IDs) in lower extremity peak torque assessment. Medline, Embase, CINAHL databases were searched for studies related to psychometric properties in muscle dynamometry. Studies considering standard error of measurement SEM (%) or limit of agreement LOA (%) expressed as percentage of the mean, were considered to establish absolute reliability while studies using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were considered to establish concurrent validity between dynamometers. In total, 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The COSMIN checklist classified them between fair and poor. Using HHDs, knee extension LOA (%) was 33.59%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 23.91 to 43.26 and ankle plantar flexion LOA (%) was 48.87%, CI 35.19 to 62.56. Using IDs, hip adduction and extension; knee flexion and extension; and ankle dorsiflexion showed LOA (%) under 15%. Lower hip, knee, and ankle LOA (%) were obtained using an ID compared to HHD. ICC between devices ranged between 0.62, CI (0.37 to 0.87) for ankle dorsiflexion to 0.94, IC (0.91to 0.98) for hip adduction. Very high correlation were found for hip adductors and hip flexors and moderate correlations for knee flexors/extensors and ankle plantar/dorsiflexors.
La economía chilena experimentó un profundo cambio estructural a mediados de los setenta, debido a varias reformas económicas. De todas ellas la más profunda fue la liberalización del comercio internacional. Este proceso causó una serie de quiebras en la industria manufacturera y una reducción en la participación de este sector en el PIB, lo cual ha llevado a algunos autores a pensar que Chile se ha convertido en un país menos industrializados. Este artículo describe los principales cambios de política que son relevantes para entender la evolución de la productividad usando datos a nivel de plantas. Nuestros resultados desafían la hipótesis de que la liberalización comercial ahogó al sector manufacturero y que habría empujado a la economía hacia la exportación de materias primas. También, nuestros resultados muestran que la industria chilena, después de las reformas económicas, llego a ser más eficiente y competitiva.
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