In the present study we report data obtained from the evaluation of subjects occupationally exposed to pesticide mixtures from Santa Fe province, Argentina, using biomarkers for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation (by TBARS assay) and the Damage Index Comet Assay (DICA). Our results showed an AChE inhibition (25% and 15% in directly and indirectly groups, respectively) in relation to controls with no significant modifications in BChE. TBARS levels were higher (51%) in pesticide sprayers while CAT activity was reduced in both, applicators (61%) and non-applicators (43%). DICA was significantly increased in direct (83%) and indirect (98%) exposed groups, compared with controls. These results showed modifications in lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defence system, and DNA damage in lymphocytes of exposed workers. Further investigations are suggested in order to link our findings with adverse health effects observed in chronic pesticide toxicity, where oxidative damage plays a pathophysiological role.

Pesticides are used in agriculture to protect crops but represent at the same time a potential risk to farmers and environment. The aim of this work is the evaluation of 54 subjects occupationally exposed to pesticides and 30 subjects as a control group using the quantification of DNA damage level by means of the alkaline Comet assay and the evaluation of repair processes. Damage index Comet assay (DICA) and damage index repair assay (DIRA) were studied in 27 pesticide applicator workers, 27 non-pesticide applicators and controls. Our results show that both exposed groups revealed significant increase in DICA when compared with controls (P < 0.0001), as well as in DIRA (P < 0.0001). However, the spraying group exhibited a marginally significant difference in DICA (P = 0.05) when years of exposure are considered and a significant difference (P < 0.05) when the personal protective equipment used by individuals was taken as a comparison factor. The influence of confounding factors on the genotoxic effects of occupational exposure to pesticides was investigated and no significant differences were observed considering age, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption in relation to DICA and DIRA. Since DNA damage is an important step in events leading from carcinogen exposure to cancer disease, our study highlights the potential health risk associated with agrochemical exposure in developing countries with vast cultivated areas, such as Argentina.

Toxicants on fish may induce genetic alterations that can be used as genotoxic markers. We evaluated DNA damage using alkaline comet assay applied on erythrocytes after in vivo exposure of Prochilodus lineatus to different concentrations of Cypermethrin (0.300, 0.150, 0.075 and 0.000 lg/L) as a probable chemical mutagen. The results revealed a significantly higher level of DNA damage at all concentrations of Cypermethrin tested compared to control and background level (p \ 0.05). We have standardized the technique for one of the most common native fish species that will be useful for biomonitoring genotoxicity in polluted waters of the region.

Prochilodus lineatus, a fish, was exposed to sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin: 0.075, 0.150, and 0.300 μg L(-1) and a control group (without cypermethrin) for 96 h. Five specimens were exposed in each concentration for triplicate (n = 60). Hepatic biochemical values and behavioral changes were studied. The results revealed a significantly higher level of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in hepatic tissue at different concentrations of cypermethrin tested compared to control (p < 0.05). A decrease in total protein was observed in exposed groups but not significantly (p > 0.05). This study provides information to know toxic mechanisms of cypermethrin on hepatic enzymes of P. lineatus that are poorly understood.

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