It has been argued, that closeness counts not only with respect to the overall decision of a (general) election, but also with respect to the outcome in subelectorates. This proposition is tested using data both from the last German Bundestagswahl as well as the UK General Election in 1987. We find that (expected) closeness counts for turnout on the level of the individual electoral district, but not on any level below, e.g. on the level of precincts. Therefore, closeness seems to count only if it is relevant for electoral victories or defeats.
SummarySince the introduction of the Doppler effect into clinical practice for the diagnosis of vascular and cardiac diseases, the technology has developed considerably. From the pencil probe (CW Doppler) to black and white duplex, PW Doppler, which was incorporated into a B-mode image, to colour duplex ultrasound (CDU) and beyond to more recent developments, such as power duplex and B-mode flow imaging. These terms are frequently confused with each other and medical reports refer to CDU as “venous Doppler” or “ultrasound of the leg veins”. This short outline attempts to clarify each term briefly in words and images.
The diagnostic accuracy of the radiographic signs of acute thrombosis in the lower limbs and pelvis was studied in the phlebograms of 40 patients treated surgically. it was shown that the radiological signs which are said to indicate recent thrombosis (such as the cupola-, contour- and india rubber sign) could be demonstrated in 60% of old clot, i.e. after six days. The reasons for this are discussed.
ZusammenfassungDie medikamentöse Therapie thromboembolischer Erkrankungen gilt als standardisiert und effektiv in den meisten Fällen. Dass nach dem Absetzen der Antikoagulation Rezidive auftreten, ist seit Jahren bekannt und zwar sowohl nach TVT, nach LE und auch nach OVT. Erst seit kurzem hat man sich mit diesem speziellen Patientenklientel, dessen Anamnese und den möglichen auslösenden Risikofaktoren detaillierter beschäftigt. Es wurde notwendig, eine exaktere Differenzierung der Risikofaktoren zu formulieren und in Bezug darauf, die Art und Weise und die Dauer der medikamentösen Sekundärprophylaxe zu spezifizieren. Hierbei sind neben VKA auch die Neuzulassungen von NOAK`s für diese Indikation hilfreich. ASS hat in dieser Beziehung keinen Stellenwert mehr. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde ein „Ampel-System” entwickelt, welches den behandelnden Ärzten bei der Abschätzung des individuellen Rezidivrisikos hilfreich sein soll.
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