Lead-Acid batteries provide standby andT 11. THE LEAD-ACID BATTERY propulsion power in many submarine installations worldwide. As other electrochemical systems develop, they will be compared to the lead-acid battery in terms of energy density, power density, life, safety and cost. Continuing improvements to the "mature" lead-acid technology still make it an attractive alternative when batteries are specified for underwater vessels. This paper examines how the lead-acid battery has been modified to accommodate the specific requirements for several operational underwater vehicles.

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In today's rapidly changing and increasingly competitive world of telecommunications power, there is a continuous requirement for a reduction in costs while achieving increases in overall system power density. Much of this is being driven by the demand that has been created from the intemetldata market explosion. The combination of these conditions has led to the design of increasingly smaller battery enclosures that are utilized in both wireless and outside plant fixed wired applications. Almost exclusively, these enclosures utilize valve regulated lead acid cells and batteries (WUA), and frequently there are no temperature controls for the battery compartments.The magmtude of the installed base of cabinets and batteries, and the impact of uncontrolled environments, has created concem about the actual life of these batteries and the safety of the systems. As a result there have been a number of studies done reporting on the effect of high temperatures on lead acid batteries, and thermal models developed to characterize how ambient conditions impact the actual temperature performance of the batteries themselves.It is the goal of this paper to present the data and results of a series of tests run to characterize the thermal behavior of typical 10 year front terminal monobloc batteries in a standard cabinet enclosure under recharge conditions. The variables examined include; battery spacing, rack vs. cabinet systems (i.e. enclosed vs. non enclosed), and the effects of forced air flow. In addition the paper will consider current industry standards on these issues and explore recommendations for future stuhes.