Based on theorization on the four basic dimensions of religiousness, Believing, Bonding, Behaving, and Belonging, and corresponding cognitive, emotional, moral, and social motives and functions of religion, we developed a measure and investigated cross-cultural consistency of the four dimensions as well interindividual and cross-cultural variability. Data were collected from 14 countries varying in religious heritage: Catholicism, Protestantism, Orthodox Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism/Taoism ( N = 3,218). Beyond their high interrelation and common personality correlates, that is, agreeableness and conscientiousness, the four dimensions were distinct across cultures and religions, less interrelated in Eastern Asia compared to the West, differentially preferred across cultural zones, and characterized by distinct features. Believing and bonding, to which spirituality was primarily related, were preferred in Western secular societies. Behaving and belonging, valued in religious societies, were importantly related to fundamentalism, authoritarianism, and low openness. Bonding and behaving were primordial in, respectively, Israel and Turkey. Furthermore, belonging (marked by extraversion) and bonding were uniquely associated with increased life satisfaction, whereas believing was uniquely related to existential quest and decreased life satisfaction. Thus, the multidimensionality of religiousness seems deeply rooted in distinct psychological dispositions evident at both the individual and the cultural levels.

This study was conducted during three seasons (2012-2014) in an experimental hop yard at Mabegondo, Galicia, NW Spain. The research aimed at calibrating and validating the soil water balance model SIMD-ualKc for Humulus lupulus L. cv. 'Nugget'. The model computes the soil water balance using the dual K c approach, thus partitioning crop evapotranspiration (ET c) into crop transpiration, ground cover transpiration and soil evaporation. Calibration and validation were performed using TDR soil water content measurements, which produced small root mean square errors (RMSE) ranging from 0.012 to 0.015 cm 3 cm −3. The initial, mid-season and end-season basal crop coefficients (K cb) that allow computing hop transpiration were respectively 0.16, 0.97 and 0.83. The single K c for the same crop growth stages, which refers to transpiration and soil evaporation together, were respectively 0.69, 1.02 and 0.85. SIMDualKc provided to estimate water use by the hop yard and the components of the soil water balance, particularly hop transpiration (T Hop), ground covered transpiration (T cover) and soil evaporation (E s). T Hop represented 92% of actual evapotranspiration (ET c act) during the mid-season, and E s averaged 69% of ET c act during the initial stage. It was observed that T cover was strongly influenced by soil and ground cover management. The impacts of water use and T Hop on hop yield quantity and quality were assessed. A linear regression between hop cone yield and T Hop has been found, with a high coefficient of determination r 2 = 0.92, while the linear regressions of T Hop with alpha and beta-acids had regression coefficients not significantly different from zero. These results denote appropriate irrigation management with absence of stresses that could affect yields or the concentration of bitter acids.

Is fundamentalism universal across religious cultures? We investigated this issue by focusing on three questions: (1) the dimensionality of fundamentalism, as measured by the Religious Fundamentalism Scale (Altemeyer & Hunsberger, 2004); (2) the very nature of fundamentalism as denoting dogmatic belief, moral rigorism, or strong groupness; and (3) interreligious prejudice as predicted uniquely, additively, or interactively by religiousness and socio-cognitive rigidity. We collected data from 14 countries of Catholic, Protestant, Christian Orthodox, Buddhist, Jewish, and Muslim tradition, regrouped in seven cultural-religious zones ( N = 3,218 young adults). We measured fundamentalism, the four dimensions of religiousness (believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging), authoritarianism, existential quest, and interreligious prejudice-negative and discriminatory attitudes toward various religious outgroups and atheists. Across religious cultures, we found that: (1) the scale is unidimensional;(2) fundamentalism is best conceptualized as a combination of dogmatic belief (believing and low existential quest) and moral rigorism (behaving and authoritarianism), and occasionally as strong groupness (belonging and authoritarianism); (3) religious dimensions, additively to and interactively with, authoritarianism and low existential quest predict interreligious prejudice (in monotheistic cultures); and (4) anti-Muslim attitudes were the highest, but fundamentalism and religiousness related most strongly to anti-atheist sentiments.

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