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(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95(10):1104–1110) While globally, the maternal mortality ratio has decreased since 1990, the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage has risen in high resource countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and Norway. Previous studies have linked the rising incidence of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, to several possible risk factors, including previous cesarean section, emergency or planned cesarean section, and obesity. This study used data from 2000 to 2013 in the Netherlands to examine the incidence of PPH and the relationship between the incidence of PPH and potential causal factors.

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Thin layers of Al 2 O 3 with thickness t ox 8 nm were grown by thermal atomic layer deposition at low temperature of 100 8C and applied to achieve functional surface passivation of crystalline silicon substrates. Measurements of the effective lifetime were performed to characterize the surface passivation effect. Lifetime values in the range of 0.5 ms were obtained for Al 2 O 3 films with t ox ! 6 nm upon post-deposition annealing (PDA) at 250 8C in N 2 atmosphere. However, when the thickness of the Al 2 O 3 films was reduced to 4 nm, lifetime values well below 0.1 ms were observed even after PDA. Combined capacitance-voltage and conductance-voltage measurements were carried out to extract the amount of charges located near the silicon-oxide interface and the density of electrically active interface states, respectively. The results of the electrical characterization were used to elucidate the intimate physical mechanisms that govern charge recombination at the Al 2 O 3 /Si interface.Density of interface states (a) and lifetime (b) values are reported as a function of the PDA temperature for Al 2 O 3 films of three different thickness values: 4, 6, and 8 nm.

This paper describes the development and output measurements on a new shade robust module, named the Tessera module. This module uses a novel electrical configuration, comprised of shade independent blocks protected by in-laminate diodes, with a mixture of series and parallel connections. By using ECN's existing back contact technology [1], no significant additional manufacturing costs occur. The design, method and manufacturing technology will be explained. The module leads to an increased annual output in case of shading and an increase in system safety due to lower heat dissipation: of 40C instead of 130C compared to standard diodes, and reduced failure of components. Annual yield has been calculated showing significant gains. Index Terms-annual yield, micro-inverter, PV module, shade, shade robust, shade linear, plug and play.