This document presents an analysis of alternatives to correct deficiencies in the statistical treatment of inventory differences in the NRC guidance documents and licensee practice. Pacific Northwest Laboratory•s objective for this study was to assess alternatives developed by the NRC and a panel of safeguards statistical experts. Criteria were developed for the evaluation and the assessment was made considering the criteria. The results of this assessment are PNL recommendations, which are intended to provide NRC decision makers with a logical and statistically sound basis for correcting the deficiencies.; ; i ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness and gratitude to the me.mbers of the panel~ who assisted in the development of the alternatives a~.sessed in this study, provided an initial assessment of them, and also SE!rved as peer reviewers of the report:Dr. Robert Easterling In November of 1980, a paper was prepared by several Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff members on the validity of the statistical basis for treating inventory differences {ID) in licensee facilities (SECY-B0-514, NRC 19BO). The paper described 13 statistical deficiencies in current NRC guidance and in licensee practices in the areas of ID evaluation and modeling, determination of 10 variability, and statistical terminology. The paper also described possible changes that could be made to remedy the deficiencies. The purpose of this study is to develop additional alternatives and perform an assessment of the safeguards statistical implications of the alternatives and the costs to licensees in the event of their implementation. This assessment was performed for eleven of the deficiencies .. The other two are being ~.tudied by other NRC projects.The assessment was performed in the following steps:• A 10-member panel of experts in the development and application of statistical methods to the problems of nuclear material safeguards was convened to help develop the alternatives for correcting each statistical deficiency. Two statistical experts in safeguards from Pacific Northwest Laboratory {PNL) were members of the panel.• A report of the results of the panel discussion (Appendix A) was prepared by PNL staff members.• An assessment of the proposed alternatives for each deficiency was made by each panel member with respect to five criteria related to the objectives of nuclear safeguards.• The panel assessment, combined with the notes from the panel discussions, was used to assist the PNL staff in assessing the alternatives.• Finally, implementation and operating costs to a typical licensee for each alternative were estimated by PNL staff members.Remedying the statistical deficiencies identified in the NRC staff paper will require coordinated actions on three front.s. PNL 1 s conclusions and recommendations are structured in terms of these three fundamental areas for improvement, listed below in order of importance:1. Proper modeling and analysis of inventory differences 2. Effective implementation of st...

This chapter focuses on the period of the 1848/9 revolutions, and in particular the geopolitical reconfiguration of Germany which was initiated as a result. These events, it argues, released many of the tensions which had emerged in the preceding decade between the actors involved in developing the electric telegraph. The revolutions encouraged German governments to take charge of the production process and to establish telegraph networks for administrative purposes. This chapter investigates the process of negotiation which took place between governments seeking to establish their first extensive telegraph lines, suggesting that these created a new form of interdependence between states. This chapter also provides an opportunity to revisit the role of the Frankfurt National Assembly, which was convened in 1848, and the extent to which it came to influence the arrangements made between German governments. The constitution drafted by the Assembly highlights efforts to impose an understanding of communications networks based upon liberal economic principles.